airing new sections targeting iran days after launched and unprecedented ms. ellen drone attack against israel. and i said from the news for now, let's say with us, we have a documentary looking at how much work went into making the perseverance mission to mars a success article for lee. thank you so much. very company. the can you see is what old cars have to do with the production. here's a hands on the real media. now, on youtube, the

red planet, the invitation to the stage preparation has been confirmed by the spacecraft. camera refers to renew, is powered on re receive single single energy have confirmation or entry interface preference is currently going $5.00 commerce per 2nd heat of about a 100 and the responses for february 2021. the lender carrying the perseverance

rover has entered the martian atmosphere. the suspense of the control room is almost unbearable. the team has no control over what will happen in the next few minutes. we are starting to straighten up and fly right maneuver in preparation for parachute deploy emx report for the engineers from nasa and c n e s. the french national space agency. this was what's referred to as the 7 minutes of terror. the 1st the veterans had to touch down as gently as possible on the red planet. the

intent for surveillance was carrying a dozen sophisticated instruments which would be used by one of the most ambitious space missions to search for traces of past life on mars. the sonic speeds and the teacher has been separated. this allows both the radar and the cameras to get there 1st look at the surface. here the rover was less than 2 kilometers above the martians. this was the last stage of the landing, and likely the riskiest, separated in the ground station. only watch sickness took 11 minutes to reach earth. either the maneuver had been successful or perseverance had crouched the of

the the the that 7 minutes i think was the shortest and the longest 7 minutes of my life. for me, the really special moment is a few minutes after landing when we got the 1st picture of mars the wow, my robot that was here 7 months ago. it's been in space. this whole time is on the planet regulations commission. was

a man the 1st to send from the martian surface. the perseverance rover was apparently intact. at fully operational the robot was tasked with uncovering the secrets of the red planet, the civilians was send millions of miles from earth to help answer the question. as simple as it is exciting. did life once exist on mars? what was the rover discovery in its 1st year of exploration? the

maurice has long fascinated astronomers. but it wasn't until the 19th century when giovanni skip that and he discovered the suppose the martian canals. but the question raised of intelligence life on our neighboring planet 1st emerged. the american astronomer percival now will map these canals, mistaking them for artificial structures. boots to irrigate cities that have long since disappeared. the midst of the martian was born, the starting and the 19 sixty's probes were repeatedly sent to explore the martian surface without success to david king. it says, general sharing 1976, i think took liking mission, read 3 experiments looking for organic life on mars. they found nothing,

so they lost interest in mars for 20 years and they had been lost casually until the since then. several of rovers have been sent to look. so imagine so the pathfinder pro, carrying the small so general robot was the 1st in 1996, followed by spirit and opportunity. the last to prove that water must once have flowed on mars. curiosity, the big brother to perseverance landed in 2012. its mission was to find out whether water could one set facilitated the development of life on the red planet. the 3 ya city went to mars, to establish its habitability, was more as habitable, 3500000000 years ago. we found that yes, it could have been have the boy had the right ingredients. suzanne,

perseverance takes it one step up. right. and it says, okay, well if it was habitable, was that life on mars? just like for curiosity, nasa commissioned the jet propulsion laboratory to build several prototypes for perseverance, each with different sizes and different technological profiles. perseverance was built based on the idea of curiosity. we talked a lot of the systems that existed on for ya, city, and use that as all baseline or full person or the they may look very similar, but the internal mechanics signal a new generation of rovers, the sophisticated high tech developments the specialized cameras,

spectrometers, lasers ground penetrating radar, an oxygen production instrument and a robotic arm for coring and storing broke samples. know so that the v judith. these are extremely complex robots who there are $200.00 to $300.00 scientists behind each vehicle west of shockey feature. so yeah, it took 6 years to develop, build it and, and launch it. and then another 7 months to land on mars the, it takes an incredible amount of time to design everything, build it and make it space made it test it. because we also have to test and demonstrate that it's going to work in that more than environmental conditions on mars, are hostile to life. of the biggest problem is the extreme,

temperatures and perseverance also have to generate its own energy. the problem with using solar panels of mars is that you're so much further away from the sun, that you need a much bigger area to get the same energy as you would here on earth. we sometimes have dust storms on mars, and so that's often how rovers need the demise on mars. persevere as we use and usually or store switch over time creates heat and that he is transformed into electricity. the. this generator would ensure that the rover and its instruments could function on the martian surface without disruption for years to come. the when we build missions like perseverance, it's not just an american mission. so when we build this rover, yes, it's built here at the jet propulsion lab,

but pieces are built all over the united states all over the world. and so the super can instrument, for example, is a french instruments super cam acts as the eyes of perseverance. one of its features is a powerful laser vaporizes tiny block particles to analyze their compositions. this allows chemical particles to be identified within the radius of up to 10 meters in the plasma generated by the laser, the ones you tend to any, to develop it together with roger, we just from the los alamos national lab in new mexico in june. so we thought we were thinking about how to measure the chemical composition of martian rocks and soil deluxe. i asked about his labs capabilities and he said, we know how to make spectrometers and analyze light. what about, you know, i told them in france we know laser is there, so we divided the labor he and 20 years later when

a we had designed the super camp. the success can see a super cam use of the system of lasers and spectrometers. some have expect any split this telescope found that we can obtain extremely detailed images at the surface of mars on the designed it onto a plane. you can see the details of around 20 microns for pick. so when the camera is close to the ground, kind of voice, she had to put me. i mean, this is the 1st super cam image, the photographs commodities production is. and then these instruments conduct precise chemical and mineral composition analysis and can even detect the presence of organic material on in the non 0 to millions of use of how kind of activity have shape this unique landscape.

the, these geographic properties make it the ideal training ground for space travels, including the exploration of mars. the simulations help to train missions with robots and soon perhaps even with humans. the geologist chavez content is an expert on mars. that has taken part in several simulations himself. you see something that the visual cannick landscape really resembles the martian landscape? oh personal. now, nothing units even aligned along the fold, like the red planet in the onset position is red, like on mars, goes to and i printed off the,

the not save. i want to see me later on. that 1st is mars and 1st, and you were very similar because they had the same origin in the book effect. at one time, there were rivers which fed the legs loc, and there was a magnetic field to see them for a protective shield that stopped the atmosphere from being a road by solar wind live also. they have yup, 20 address, but it changed to drastically about 3700000000 years ago. so you don't live in magnetic field from the planet's core abruptly vanishing enough to sit down at the mars was so small that its atmosphere disappeared into space. heat pumps got his spots, the red planet became a freezer. i'm going to do that to you on this space. a sort of vice stage suddenly took over the keys, had it never recovered up, run that tool, turning it into the dead planet. it is today. will do me up to the law implanted some of those on the house. mars retained traces

of it's past the scientists hope so. the mission begins to teams from the french national space agency or c n e s. at nasa are adjusting to march on time. the days there are longer than on us, right? each martian day known as a song last around 24 hours and 40 minutes. so the clocks have to be synchronized for next at the moment please. so that's what the mission has started. i mean, we have a reference period a 3 year just put was don't get the rover fails before that homo. but then we have also fail nicely or another thorough check to make sure all the instruments on board are working on

mover has an auto nap system. so we can self drive on the surface of mars. driving on mars, isn't that easy, right? we don't have a map, we don't have a phone that we can just say, hey, send me in that direction to what the river does is it takes pictures in front of it. it actually looks 5 years ahead. and so that way it can actually drive from 2 to 300 meters a day on an economist, least of it will drive itself. we can say, hey, at the end of the day, just drive in that direction for an hour and a half. and we'll see you tomorrow, and it will do that the, there is a time delay in communicating with perseverance. although the signals travel at the speed of light, it takes them a number of minutes to reach the rover. a command from control center. then millions of kilometers away. perseverance starts moving the

at night. the rover remain stationary. it transmits the information, collected during the day to earth, and receives a program with tasks to complete the next day. on the mash you know what the beach coins is assigned coordinates or the need. so when we tell the rover to target a point, it knows exactly how to turn it to fix. on the point we want a problem then instead of 5 points in that direction with a laser, with infrared, and the camera, and as a, i've had to knock on wood or they do some in the the plan also on the face. first we ran extensive tests for 3 to 4 months, but we made sure the arm was working properly. it was that the wheels were okay. yeah. if the head turned correctly, yeah. see or would it be then we check if super kam could fire its laser twice, send the green laser of boots, then towards the sun, when does it and not at the sun, but at the sky. they got they. so they,

we learned how to use our instrument p no cost to the super can even to, to the motion solar eclipse for the 1st time produced by the moon to, by the finally operations could begin. the 1st job was to study the martian soil. the rover landed on use, it will crater a huge depression created by a media right now. so chose it from hundreds of other locations because it was the

most likely place to find fossil nice traces of past life. the english was easy to see. we chose the as the ro side to because it's a very old impact crater and with traces of a delta, the costs. now they thought, well, now that we have to prove that a river once flowed into a lake, there, shoot the don't. because to have a delta. do you need a river and the lake and the gas? you know, like the switching the question of the crater is about 45 kilometers wine with a lake, several 100 meters and even enclosed by a 1000 people. should you move down the lake? held about 5 cubic kilometers of water and extend a layer of settlements re deposit 70 meters thick. okay, so something amended assume the the, the whole seat of the call. we wanted to 1st of the of always be some rock from the bottom of the lake. some people from around the sides and from the delta sorted into you don't want to. so we chose, aside with all this diversity in

a concentrated area or pump. we said yesterday, 1st serve veterans add pork. the rovers cameras have already shown that the area consists of very different geological layers, as your guy supposed to come one day, the camera person pointed out a hill in the distance. and we said, let's take a photo and use it as a reference point tv to do. now, when we saw the incoming data, we said that's fantastic. where at the bottom of a lake. yeah. so we had our 1st, the result were not there is you don't the photos were revealing. but virtual exploration of the crater provides limited insights, sold a role for made its way to the delta for its own safety. it moved extremely slowly.

or there seemed to 100 days, we moved about 2 and a half kilometers. so only a dozen or so meters each day. and that's comfortable enough to work at leisure, but not enough to explore the huge. he has a ro crate are quickly a little more speed was needed. the ingenuity, a small helicopter was brought along precisely for such tasks. the ingenuity is a technology demonstrate. there's 3 challenges to, to proving that your helicopter can function on mars. right. atmosphere is one of them. so you happens here of mars is one percent the density of this, the very,

very cent atmosphere. the other 2 aspects though is the temperature is very cold, negative 90 degrees celsius overnight. the 3rd aspect that's different from earth is the gravity. it's about one 3rd, the gravity of the way we test that here to a ppo is we have a chamber that $56.00 stories tall. and in that chamber, we were able to balance the atmosphere, the environment, the temperature in the gravity of mars, here in the ingenuity ways, just under 2 kilograms. it's 2 counter rotating, rotors turn 10 times faster than those of a conventional helicopter on her. for me, one of the most difficult moments on mars is the day that we dropped the helicopter from the belly of the rover, where it was attached down to the surface of mars. i was in charge of these activities and it was i could tell you incredibly stressful to make sure that our little friend was on mars carefully, the

top 3 meters off the surface of mars coverage for 39 seconds, then came back. then we had that 1st flight, there were 4 remaining to run out or 5 total in our 30 days. and thankfully, at the end of those 30 days, ingenuity was still healthy. the preserves team and nasa decided there's value here and continuing to fly on mars and you can actually discount we can fly to equip law, we can dive down into k, right? we can go to very high altitude and later or, or, you know, do a lot lower pattern over a region of interest as an engineer to today's already providing recognizance for, for the perseverance of the central head. as

a scout ingenuity send high resolution images to help perseverance find its way to the delta. the loan is $26.00. the reconnaissance flights ingenuity even found. the 1st heat shield found parachute from the rover's landing. the route was clear. now perseverance, good, talking to its real mission. the search for traces of life on mars is cool shift. you will go in fort worth looking for some macroscopic animal roaming around and that costco peak is bad. that would have been easy, participate in parentheses. it says no, we're looking for traces of light that already existed on earth at that time. he and may be on mars, primitive dietary of di, put, that's your master direct that he would class sampling. the

visa was a veterinarian and works as a scientific consultant for the french space agency cns. he is one of the world's leading experts in x. so biology go to doctors. when we talk about extra terrestrial life this, we focus on the simplest micro biological form or the microwave film. the pope usually didn't club. so if we find bacterial traces on mars has we found a new form of life? the one that's already works and that's when a new vent, if we find a concrete trace of life, even fossilized, that is evidence of another life form in the universe with easy to get into that. that's what we're looking for during the day. even if it doesn't lead to martian sites, the tables. ok, so most of these for the most 2nd you

don't create a book, but there was a period of 500000000 or perhaps even dealing in years when conditions on mars were suitable for like the specific. but it was that enough for live to actually develop the best like who we buy school. and i tend to think so. yeah, because chemical choices improve and the 3700000000 years ago life emerged in early ocean allies of that. so next month, i would like to believe that the same thing happened on mar lots and it likes developed on mars. yup. where is it now? with technology, the, after a 5 kilometer journey perseverance, finally reached the 0 crater delta. the

jun, me give you the, the origins of life evolved from some pre buy out of chemistry. he may have you, it's been, it most likely would have been in an environment to the carbonate and claim minerals. so these are primarily what we're looking for on ships. the policies have thoughts of we think that certain organisms living in very particular places on earth today could also develop in a certain micro environments on laws should have been official from us policy castillo and lopez garcia, specializes in micro organisms, steps right in extreme environments. the hydrothermal dynamo area in northern ethiopia is certainly one of the most impressive examples of a bias system or a life seems impossible. but despite extreme temperatures and acidity levels, single celled organisms can be found in some areas include,

i'm going to do, you don't do that. no, no, the edges of dial 0 ecosystem sustaining lot to phone that particularly co pays if it to me called and he's not going direct visa, unique cellular, micro, busy, unlike that material, particularly well adapted to very high temperatures of up to a $120.00 degrees and extremely fluctuation, ph level switched over to any smart criminal studies, extra more files. let's has better defined conditions in which lives quoted the pit into assisted in extra terrestrial systems and unit, then the cushy stem on the, on the fly, so much on mosse could suffice under such conditions. and i could effectively exist on these systems as well done, provided there was liquid water and an energy source in place of the source. so the next sheet i'm like,

these are the nurse and trust has never been received the plate tectonics. this allows perseverance to examine very old claim minerals, the if there was once nice on mars. these minerals might still contain its components, like nitrogen or carbon, the disembodied, the money to, to, to find intact organic molecules. it's best to dig a little deeper because this on the rover's court can drill holes several centimeters beneath the surface to penetrate rock, where they've been protected for millions on or even billions of years. so do i just say the pressure variance took its 1st sample of sodium that might contain traces of gallic material? i would argue that that sample caching system is just as complex as the rest of the

rover. it has to be able to take sample corresponding, the surface of mars, processed, and put them in the tube, and then pass that you to another robotic on inside the rover. that then takes pictures. there's some certain life ease of the samples field them because the samples are going to stay on mars for a long time, and then it has the ability to deposit those sample cashes on the surface of mars. a decision soon. we hope the samples will one day come back for lab analysis couple found to conduct a detailed settlement analysis. we need a laboratory with electron microscopes and high resolution chemistry that's not possible on a rover, which has an insurance company that they have on a hold of. the

symbols procedures only store some of the tubes, not all of them. so rather than make one big china with all the tubes and risk losing them all of the mission of the board. so we leave a trail of scattered piles and i cancelled on gretel leaving a trail of breadcrumbs the other to the they hope to eventually recover the samples from mars and bring them to earth for analysis. the. it's an ambitious project, especially because it's not yet clear exactly how this would work. surface of mars was already in hard enough event. bring those back and so forth in lab and that and assets are due. that time we're to watch something off of another planet. and then peer to earth and come safely and keep the bro challenges here that done before this

permission should we be working on the new assignment. it could be at least a feel like you feel it is honestly for you, but the good pull a rocket, the citrus even it is under your tubes. i was away associated with the separate people lender having the on right now can which allow the rocket that's gonna take the surface of mars to touch base to going up in the year. we talk and then virus, or launch place advantages that we never rection system, right? to put the that we want the carrier 0 meters long,

and we grams if the pocket ignites and it back down here, the cost is up in mar, turn over the ball size. that's pretty, pretty bright. things are pretty big. i'm the, you know, 10 plumbers away. but tom t building put around mars and now these are the copy of the rock a bit of that are bigger the deal on board for the now and then a squared is you know, they haven't touched a container, i guess loaded it based capital fleet or what the task

is to plan to one day beach to her. it is the samples i accuse brought from the stating doors in the 19 sixty's. remember seeing renters insurance caution to play questions. it was these following the export of the new world. as a don history, hold it that checks in that way. as of any day, i think by i'm a nation of emotion, reputable and fucked up with showing this verse job. and i'm sure what contaminated by and then finally moving some corner to earth forever is compulsion. back to earth

is combined. should they be brought back to earth? and as i put in confinement for the rest of their lives to think of, you know, just kind of, it's like it's the stuff a science fiction in english and speak, hopefully. imagine is all this on the a huge number of questions remain unanswered. but the ultimate goal remains. one day humans will fly to mars but how can they survive there and return to the so for perseverance, in addition to establish whether there has been life on mars in the past, one of the other goals is to prepare for the eventual coming a few minutes on mars 2 for that, there's cement, which is

a weather station and runs on mars, not pressure. these are called rim facts. i don't below us, if we're on mars, on standing the motion right. important or not. he knows how important are the for to mars we remotely from mars before a few minutes to let me show the shots. variance is really important for deciding if we can talk tomorrow as well. if she doesn't have what everybody does, that me, you need as possible at 4 all these things,

almost in her trip we'll have to tell you. so from earth i've got to tell what it is area was the problem. just to be honest, person geology at paper and stuff. good. either car battery i called you said 2 kilograms. right. and you said it weighs 17 kilograms and converts the martian atmosphere and a breathable air. there is less than one percent as much air on the surface of mars, but that air is 95 percent made up of carbon dioxide. so within each carbon dioxide molecule is an oxygen molecule combined with carbon. so

the job of moxy is to take those apart the most pretty much the moxy sucks and carbon dioxide from the martian atmosphere and passes it through and electrolyzer which separates the gen voice to see that all the tools and the 2nd inhale. the movie cute, especially if i'm now trying to live and to go. business is on mars and it made a decision which hours we moxie to extension in set you just on mars is you must all human. but then robots once on site,

already sophisticated to do was look, i mean, if i look for the day when humans with robots and cutting edge, so those will be the thing i just signed to vic tools will be able to answer the question of extraterrestrial life. to as good as you stay here, the circus show. that appreciation of alien world, an extra terrestrial life, hans philosophers, theologians. and now scientists, are we alone? there are 2 distinctly terrifying possibilities. separate these next one is the fear of being completely alone. don't ship out

a separate thing. so if we are, the responsibility is terrifying, just by if life on earth vanish tomorrow, they would never be life and the universe again. that there was a possibility that we are not alone is also scary with them. which is entities that for some which is that that would bruise our ego. so for some philosophies and some religions that's difficult to accept or something, or you the technician that i met the c not cas, i'm not sure what i would dream is to go to mars one day and i hope it will come true. see if that's the challenge of the 21st century vision group. but this dream cannot be used to justify the idea of what we do to the earth. doesn't matter because there's a plan that fee that we know there's only $1.00 earth and we need to take care of it to us. you know, it's just about exploring another plan and it's not just hard enough to do

the introduction. i just didn't, i don't know who named presidents. i've seen a 6, but i put in qualities of a great researcher on instructional person, a name, basically any scientific program for one shot. first of very has to be use name basically menu scientific program for one child to take their just walk. human answered, the perseverance will continue with search for his life on mars. the loan robot is not just exploring. it will also help make one of humanity's greatest dreams come true. taking people to mars in tennessee i see in the seamless

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and explore fascinating boats. heritage selling d w world heritage 36050 app. now, the business day that we're, you know, is live from berlin, b, u. s. and the u plan, new sanctions on iran. israel urges its allies to step up international pressure on terror on in response to last weekend. the attack. western nations are hoping to this wave israel from any response that could spark and even the wider conflict. also coming up a 100 day count down to the olympics and paris is on. but many residents of the

french capital are asking if the city is actually ready to host this huge event. the .