support, then, as in motorsport, whoever went first came to the finish line faster, in the celestial empire this happened. hello, international review is on air, in the studio fyodor lukyanov. today on the international review program. events of the week. chronicle, facts, comments. how are military alliances created? has the time of the entente passed or is it just coming? new policy in the pacific. europe is afraid to be left alone. we evaluate the military. potentials, who will

defend the old world, how they prepare for war, historical experience of escalation, materials from our programs. there is no adjutant without akselbant - kozma prutkov once noted and he was right. in london and paris, they elegantly celebrated the 120th anniversary of the franco-british cordial agreement, the famous entente, which became a party and then the winner of the first world war. the ceremonial guards of the two countries marched crosswise. the french in front of buckingham palace, the british in front of the champs elysees.

foreign ministers cameron and sajurne promised to keep the covenants in a joint article. at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, european countries fought for new colonial possessions and markets. rapidly developing germany posed a threat to both england and france. both the french and british elites needed a strong ally capable of balancing the german ones. superiority. the only country suitable for this role at that time was russia. in may 1882 , germany, austria-hungary and italy entered into the triple alliance. the countries agreed on mutual support and non-alignment with any international organizations directed against one of the parties. in reply, in 1891-93, russia and france first signed a political declaration. and then

a military convention directed against the triple alliance. on april 8, 1904, london and paris signed an agreement, known in historical literature as the entente cardial, a cordial agreement, and in 1907 a russian-british agreement was signed. this is how the entente military bloc arose, consisting of france, russia and england. by the beginning of the first world war, italy went over to the entente side. germany was annexed by the ottoman empire. british-french-russian agreement 1915 provided for the passage of the black sea straits to russia. the treaty of london between the entente and italy determined the territorial acquisition of italy at the expense of austria-hungary, turkey and albania; the sykes picco agreement of 1916 divided the asian possessions of the ottoman empire between great britain, france and russia. however,

the february and then the october revolutions in russia led to the collapse of the empire and the coming to power of the bolsheviks, who emerged from the war. part of the territory of the former empire went to germany, which, however, also could not continue fighting any longer and was forced to sign the versailles agreement. in march of the eighteenth, the entente launched a military intervention against russia, its former ally, which was unsuccessful. after creation.

unity, on the other hand, is important to emphasize selfhood. there is an increasingly clear feeling that in the tangled tangle of conflicts, everyone’s interests do not coincide. even the most unlikely of allies. scandalous german cartoonist burkhart mohr. the us senate is blocking funding to ukraine. drawing called the danger of free fall. harry varvel does not let go of the topic of us president biden. the drawing is called biden's red lines. this time we are talking about the confrontation with iran. it's written on the drone. iranian proxy, meaning the houthis or hezbollah. famous singaporean cartoonist hank kim wrote a song for the american newspaper new york times. the weapon delivery says behind uncle sam's back. a boy in a taiwan t-shirt is checking

his wish list, and through the window china is watching all this. patrick chapat from switzerland o confrontation between israel and hamas. the man says to his girlfriend. we agreed that not a word about what is happening in the gas sector, here you take it and bring your hummus. europe lives in the pre-war era. in just a couple of months, this statement has become almost an axiom, which all bosses repeat in turn. this week , josé barel, the eu's chief diplomat, made his mark. he is sure that

it is very difficult to find those who will be ready to go to war with russia, because no one in masta understands what the point is in this. presenters the european powers themselves recalled the entente, how can one not give in to reflections on that time, the interweaving of objective

contradictions, personal pride, multiplied by a propaganda frenzy and seasoned with fatal accidents, all this plunged the old world into the catastrophe of the first world war. and... it destroyed good old europe and set the trajectory for decades to come. actually, to this day we live in a distant trail of events, the starting point of which was the then clash of european ambitions, which no one seemed to particularly care about. wanted, but no one was afraid. the latter turned out to be fatal. how europe, not fully realizing what it was doing, approached the big war, let's talk with a historian of the first world war. the rise of war sentiments, there were some starting points for this process. you know,

it actually never ended, for people of the 19th century, the first world war, one might say, in a sense ended this long 19th century, the understanding of this feeling that ... all states received an excellent opportunity to pump up the actual population military propaganda, well, simply due to an increase in the level of literacy, an increase in the number of printed words, that is, well , you no longer had to, you know, write proclamations that the priest of the samvon or porch will tell, but now it was possible to contact the population directly, to pump up, well, let’s

say the opportunity expanded, and the desire, how the desire was connected with what, the desire was primarily connected with the fact that, well, this was the era of romantic nationalism, the formation of such really strong national states.

of course, most of all, well, firstly, the most pumping was going on there, but this is like a continuation

of the franco-prussian war, it was a continuation of the franco-prussian war, when france got into the position of being offended, humiliated, rejected, and germany got into the position of coming the next level, that in general we have restored our national idea, we are the coolest, the smartest, the best, douchchlan tuberales, yes, well, i really like to be ironic about the fact that modern german anthems are still the song of the germans, but they just removed it from there several lines where memelgu is mentioned. it is said that the unity of the germans is all modern countries that border germany or no longer, there is also a strafa there, where they are about them all and there too, so in germany this pumping existed, but it existed simply in the sense that we simply the greatest, but everyone doesn’t like us, they envy us in 1800.

the trade in sewing machines, but the market was already there , both of them gravitated towards technology, they were thinking about being busy. then, in 1889, two friends opened a factory in convetra for the production of bicycles. it just so happened that in their native germany, they saw the first motorcycle and were inspired by this idea. in 1902. they bring their first model to the market, their business is developing, but in 1914 the first world war broke out in europe, it turned out that germany had a special propaganda ministry all this time, the british government decided that it needed the same to work for wellington house attracted the best journalists and writers such as arthur canandoyle, herbert oels and rudyard kipling. the bureau has become the voice of popular authors put the right thoughts into the heads of the british. the press was full of stories about german

atrocities, but this did not prevent the christmas truce from happening in december 1914. it was a series of unofficial and widespread ceasefires . the soldiers came out of the trenches, exchanged food and souvenirs, and played football. the worst thing was that they exchanged newspapers. it is not surprising that this practice was banned under. threats of the death penalty, but only the death of luzzitania could finally exclude the possibility of fraternization. in 1915 , a german submarine sank the liner, which, together with passengers, transported military cargo. the propaganda, however, did not mention liner’s membership in armed merchant cruisers, but focused on the deaths of civilians. a week without order has begun in england. there is not a single intact piece of glass or product left in german stores. on the shelves, it even arrived to neighbors from other countries; similar inscriptions could

be found on many stores. as a result, about 60 thousand germans were interned, and a naming war began in england. german shepherd became alsatian shepherd dog, german imperial biscuits. of course, the streets were renamed. siegfried and moritz had a hard time. they got british a long time ago.

or in public opinion or at the government level, which in different countries said, what are you guys doing? germany - this, for example, was a powerful social democratic party, the sdp, where its heirs generally exist to this day, in britain and france, these were the then, the then also socialists, trade unionists , leaders of various then radical movements, well then radical movements, for example, the suffragette movement, which established that all this militarism, all this imperialism... we are dealing with it instead of dealing with specific problems now, in a future war, as it were, well, the proletarians again robbed, the capitalist will get rich again. it is interesting to note that in general this continued even at the beginning of the first world war, well, for example, the british trade unions there were british, even some liberal members of the british parliament were even eliminated there anti-war demonstrations, but by the way, not

social democrats, who are pro-crats, i’ll tell you a little later, it’s interesting that, for example, the first world war split. exactly in half the movement, the suffragettes of the then feminists, because half of the feminists said that war would liberate women, the other half of the feminists took ardently anti-war positions, this movement , quite suddenly out of the blue, simply split into two even halves, and as for the german socialists, there, well a fantastic thing happened there, despite the fact that in the previous 40 years there , between the conditional franco-prussian and the declaration of the german empire and the first world war, the socialists there tried to somehow limit german militarism to the best of their ability. german imperialism, but with the outbreak of the war they not only voted for the war, for the military budget, for everything, but also approximately 783 active members of the sdp, from members of parliament to leaders of local cells, simply joyfully signed up for the army as volunteers, that is, the spd joyfully formed up, which means we went to fight battalion by battalion, in general, on this here is the german anti-war movement, it

ended before 1987, by the way, well , a little aside, but when the idea appeared among ... the bolsheviks, that let the storm hit harder and let them kill themselves. at the time of 1914, the bolsheviks and mensheviks of the ussr were a little in step with the european left movement, when they said that this would be a war in which the proletarians would be robbed, and only towards the end of the war, by the seventeenth and eighteenth years, that’s more about it including the idea that let the storm strike stronger and what we will turn there the imperialist war into the civil war, but i can’t help but note that publicly there... no one suggested donating to the kaiser or writing, writing their names on shells, well, it was beyond the madness of that time, well, besides, i can’t help but note , that the then advanced european economic thought, it generally postulated that the european war could last at most from three to 6 months, because within the framework of what

was not yet called globalism, european economies would simply collapse, because that, well, everyone is already so connected with each other that... how familiar everything is, yes, that if a big european war starts, then in a maximum of 6 months the european economies will collapse, it will be a complete nightmare, well, the european economies of course collapsed, many of them, yes there , but it didn’t stop, yes, but it’s like it happened there after 3-4 years - this rapid collapse from the fact that it means everyone there will stop bringing everything to each other, everything in the world, it didn’t happen when it came or awareness began to emerge what's wrong? a? in different countries very differently, well, this directly correlated with the economic difficulties that began in the rear with the level of losses, and therefore in france , against the backdrop of gigantic losses in 14-15... but don’t forget that there were two record years, 70% of the losses were within these 2 years, and the patriotic wave generally began to subside in the fifteenth year, at the end of the fifteenth year in germany, against the backdrop of

the successes of the fifteenth year, and there were hussars in warsaw, there were victories in the east , seriously, only the next year, and during the trouser winter of 1916-17, when they began to appear, well , not that they began to appear, they reached a problem with the supply of the world and they simply reached a critical point, when there was already not enough bread. approximately in russia, well, this was after the great retreat, quite clearly, in austria-hungary at about the same time as in germany, as for great britain, it is somewhat difficult there, because most likely the peak occurred at the beginning of the german unrestricted submarine war, when indeed, the stores began to rapidly empty, then they kept cards, again, against the backdrop of thousands of funerals from the front, it was no longer so fun, understandable, well, naturally we are responsible. people, we won’t draw any parallels, it’s completely pointless, but we must admit that some motives are recognizable, and of course, i really want

to believe that europe still learned lessons from those events, it seems like everyone has always talked about it, but sometimes doubts arise, you know, i have some idea, some theory about this, that you you know, on the one hand, for example, if you travel around france, then in every town, literally in every one, that’s where more people live. with a huge number of these signs with local residents who died in the first world war, that is, from them you can just look from which village, how many died in which city, on the one hand, it seems like the elite should have lived, should have had all this understand and live in this, in germany, by the way , it’s absolutely the same thing, but there are also signs about the second world war no less, but but on the other hand, i also have...

a story, and at the same time, some clear analysis or concrete understanding of what this can lead to, but it’s not visible behind this, yes, that’s true, thank you very much, thank you, we talked with kirill kopylov about whether it is easy to excite society to war, after the advertisement we will continue about alliances, now modern. what are you waiting for, you are a metaphor, i am an example,

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traditions and cashback bonuses for your next trip. avito travel, everything will go as booked, with cashback and bonuses. a sure sign of international tension, activation of the construction block. in europe, on the one hand, nato’s authority is indisputable. the significance is greater than ever, on the other hand , there is growing nervousness because of trump, suddenly in the future europe will have to rely only on itself, right up to the nuclear umbrella, the american one will close, you will need your own, jose barel just warned about this, but this has been said before. let's put the question bluntly: what is the point of the american nuclear umbrella? the point is that...

stronger ones, in order to stop them, will have to explode nuclear mines, strike tank columns, literally from the first day, and then yes, as soon as the cleavage takes it out, well, it was believed that this approach would make moscow think once again and not start a war, because it would not be possible to win, now the situation has turned to 180°, now we are in many ways fair, although of course we still need to see how they look now. but

we believe that we will not be able to resist nato in a low-quality, non-quantitative manner in the pre-nuclear sphere, therefore, most likely, nuclear weapons, which in general are not strategic, will be be used quite actively in the event of a full-scale conflict, and of course , one cannot forget here the classic dilemma, again the peak of the last cold war, euro-missile crises, and so on, and will the americans be ready to exchange their capitals, or rather put them under... large cities, putting them under the threat of a nuclear strike in order to deliver your own nuclear strike in response to a soviet nuclear strike on a conditional boom or some other european capital, all these dilemmas remain on the surface of the day , which is why this nuclear umbrella is in many ways symbolic, generally speaking, as far as one can see, in europe they really don’t like to discuss, for example, the scenario of using those same american tactical nuclear weapons

that are located at the bases. in addition to the united states, nato has two nuclear powers: france and great britain. all eyes are on them. it is believed that france is the third nuclear power in the world after russia and the united states. the first french atomic bomb was tested. fat

in the sahara desert.