1 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:05,040 So we 2 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:05,440 So we are 3 00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:05,680 So we are descending 4 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:05,880 So we are descending deep 5 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:06,080 So we are descending deep into 6 00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:06,320 So we are descending deep into the 7 00:00:06,320 --> 00:00:06,560 So we are descending deep into the basement 8 00:00:06,560 --> 00:00:09,120 basement here. 9 00:00:09,120 --> 00:00:09,320 basement here. My 10 00:00:09,320 --> 00:00:09,520 My name 11 00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:09,760 My name is 12 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:10,120 My name is Paul 13 00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:11,120 My name is Paul Nurse. 14 00:00:11,120 --> 00:00:11,360 My name is Paul Nurse. I 15 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:11,680 My name is Paul Nurse. I have 16 00:00:11,680 --> 00:00:11,960 My name is Paul Nurse. I have just 17 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:12,160 My name is Paul Nurse. I have just taken 18 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:12,360 taken over 19 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:12,560 taken over as 20 00:00:12,560 --> 00:00:12,800 taken over as President 21 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:13,160 taken over as President of 22 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,360 taken over as President of the 23 00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:13,600 taken over as President of the Royal 24 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:13,880 Royal Society, 25 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:14,080 Royal Society, Britain's 26 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:14,360 Royal Society, Britain's academy 27 00:00:14,360 --> 00:00:14,680 Royal Society, Britain's academy of 28 00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:19,680 Royal Society, Britain's academy of science. 29 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:19,960 science. This 30 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:20,200 science. This is 31 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:20,480 science. This is where 32 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:20,760 science. This is where all 33 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:20,960 science. This is where all the 34 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:21,240 science. This is where all the books 35 00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:21,520 books are 36 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:23,280 books are held. 37 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:23,480 books are held. The 38 00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:23,760 books are held. The wonderful 39 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:23,960 books are held. The wonderful archives 40 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:24,160 archives here 41 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:24,560 archives here bear 42 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:24,760 archives here bear witness 43 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:24,960 archives here bear witness to 44 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:25,160 archives here bear witness to over 45 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:25,440 archives here bear witness to over 46 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:25,640 350 years 47 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:26,000 350 years of 48 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:26,240 350 years of scientific 49 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:29,640 350 years of scientific achievements. 50 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:29,840 achievements. This 51 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:30,240 achievements. This is 52 00:00:30,240 --> 00:00:30,440 achievements. This is Newton's 53 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:30,640 achievements. This is Newton's great 54 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:30,840 great work 55 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:31,080 great work on 56 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:31,360 great work on the 57 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:31,640 great work on the laws 58 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:31,920 great work on the laws of 59 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:32,440 great work on the laws of motion. 60 00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:32,720 great work on the laws of motion. And 61 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:35,920 And battles. 62 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:36,120 And battles. This 63 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:36,320 And battles. This is 64 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:36,720 And battles. This is the 65 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:36,920 And battles. This is the great 66 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:37,160 And battles. This is the great book 67 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:37,320 And battles. This is the great book of 68 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:37,560 of course, 69 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:37,800 of course, The 70 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:38,080 of course, The Origin 71 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:38,360 of course, The Origin Of 72 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:39,200 of course, The Origin Of Species. 73 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:39,520 of course, The Origin Of Species. I 74 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:39,680 of course, The Origin Of Species. I find 75 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:39,960 find this 76 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:40,200 find this an 77 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:40,560 find this an inspiring 78 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:40,760 find this an inspiring place 79 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:41,000 find this an inspiring place for 80 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:41,200 find this an inspiring place for the 81 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:41,400 the challenges 82 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:41,640 the challenges that 83 00:00:41,640 --> 00:00:42,000 the challenges that science 84 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:42,240 the challenges that science now 85 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:51,560 the challenges that science now faces. 86 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:51,760 faces. I 87 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:52,040 faces. I think 88 00:00:52,040 --> 00:00:52,280 faces. I think that 89 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:52,520 faces. I think that today 90 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:52,840 faces. I think that today there 91 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:53,120 faces. I think that today there is 92 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:53,360 faces. I think that today there is a 93 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:53,600 a new 94 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:53,800 a new kind 95 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:54,000 a new kind of 96 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:54,400 a new kind of battle. 97 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:54,600 a new kind of battle. It 98 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:54,800 a new kind of battle. It is 99 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:55,040 a new kind of battle. It is not 100 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:55,240 a new kind of battle. It is not just 101 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:55,520 just a 102 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:55,840 just a clash 103 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:56,080 just a clash of 104 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:56,320 just a clash of ideas, 105 00:00:56,320 --> 00:00:56,560 just a clash of ideas, but 106 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:56,840 just a clash of ideas, but whether 107 00:00:56,840 --> 00:00:57,040 just a clash of ideas, but whether people 108 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:57,400 people actually 109 00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:57,600 people actually trust 110 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:02,120 people actually trust science. 111 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:02,320 people actually trust science. One 112 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:02,600 people actually trust science. One of 113 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:02,840 of the 114 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:03,120 of the most 115 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:03,400 of the most vocal 116 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:03,680 of the most vocal arguments 117 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:03,960 of the most vocal arguments currently 118 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:04,160 currently raging 119 00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:04,360 currently raging is 120 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:04,560 currently raging is about 121 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:04,960 currently raging is about climate 122 00:01:04,960 --> 00:01:09,640 currently raging is about climate science. 123 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:09,840 science. Many 124 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:10,280 science. Many people 125 00:01:10,280 --> 00:01:10,440 science. Many people seem 126 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:10,640 science. Many people seem unconvinced 127 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:10,840 unconvinced that 128 00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:11,280 unconvinced that we 129 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:11,480 unconvinced that we are 130 00:01:11,480 --> 00:01:11,680 unconvinced that we are warming 131 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:11,920 unconvinced that we are warming our 132 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:12,160 unconvinced that we are warming our planet 133 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:12,400 planet through 134 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:12,720 planet through the 135 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:12,960 planet through the emission 136 00:01:12,960 --> 00:01:13,240 planet through the emission of 137 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:13,520 planet through the emission of greenhouse 138 00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:25,040 greenhouse gasses. 139 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:25,280 greenhouse gasses. Are 140 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:25,480 greenhouse gasses. Are you 141 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:25,680 greenhouse gasses. Are you saying 142 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:25,920 greenhouse gasses. Are you saying the 143 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:26,280 the whole 144 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:26,480 the whole community, 145 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:26,720 the whole community, or 146 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:26,960 the whole community, or a 147 00:01:26,960 --> 00:01:27,240 the whole community, or a majority 148 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:27,480 the whole community, or a majority of 149 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:27,760 of the 150 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:28,040 of the community, 151 00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:28,240 of the community, of 152 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:28,520 of the community, of climate 153 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:28,720 of the community, of climate scientists 154 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:28,920 scientists are 155 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:29,320 scientists are skewing 156 00:01:29,320 --> 00:01:29,560 scientists are skewing their 157 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:29,760 scientists are skewing their data? 158 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:29,960 scientists are skewing their data? Is 159 00:01:29,960 --> 00:01:30,160 Is that 160 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:30,480 Is that what 161 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:30,760 Is that what you 162 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:30,960 Is that what you are 163 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:31,200 Is that what you are claiming? 164 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:31,480 Is that what you are claiming? And 165 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:31,720 Is that what you are claiming? And trust 166 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:32,000 trust in 167 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:32,280 trust in other 168 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:32,560 trust in other scientific 169 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:32,800 trust in other scientific theories 170 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:33,000 trust in other scientific theories has 171 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:33,200 has also 172 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:33,400 has also been 173 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:33,800 has also been eroded, 174 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:34,000 has also been eroded, such 175 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:34,240 has also been eroded, such as 176 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:34,520 has also been eroded, such as the 177 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:34,720 has also been eroded, such as the safety 178 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:35,000 safety of 179 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:35,240 safety of vaccines, 180 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:35,560 safety of vaccines, or 181 00:01:35,560 --> 00:01:35,760 safety of vaccines, or that 182 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:36,040 safety of vaccines, or that HIV 183 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:36,240 safety of vaccines, or that HIV causes 184 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:37,040 causes AIDs. 185 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:37,280 causes AIDs. You 186 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:37,680 causes AIDs. You wouldn't 187 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:37,880 causes AIDs. You wouldn't see 188 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:38,080 causes AIDs. You wouldn't see yourself 189 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:38,320 yourself as 190 00:01:38,320 --> 00:01:38,520 yourself as a 191 00:01:38,520 --> 00:01:39,720 yourself as a denialist? 192 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:39,960 yourself as a denialist? No, 193 00:01:39,960 --> 00:01:40,240 yourself as a denialist? No, not 194 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:40,480 yourself as a denialist? No, not at 195 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:41,320 yourself as a denialist? No, not at all. 196 00:01:41,320 --> 00:01:41,520 all. I 197 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:41,880 all. I don't 198 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:42,120 all. I don't even 199 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:42,360 all. I don't even know 200 00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:42,560 all. I don't even know that 201 00:01:42,560 --> 00:01:42,760 all. I don't even know that they 202 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:43,160 all. I don't even know that they say 203 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:43,360 say I 204 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:43,560 say I am 205 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:43,800 say I am in 206 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:44,080 say I am in denial 207 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:45,600 say I am in denial of. 208 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:45,800 say I am in denial of. There 209 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:46,040 say I am in denial of. There have 210 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:46,280 say I am in denial of. There have been 211 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:46,520 been angry 212 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:46,840 been angry protests 213 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:47,080 been angry protests against 214 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:47,320 been angry protests against the 215 00:01:47,320 --> 00:01:47,640 been angry protests against the use 216 00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:47,840 been angry protests against the use of 217 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:48,040 of genetically 218 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:48,400 of genetically modified 219 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:50,680 of genetically modified foods. 220 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:50,880 of genetically modified foods. It 221 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:51,080 of genetically modified foods. It is 222 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:51,320 is time 223 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:51,560 is time for 224 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:51,800 is time for us 225 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:52,160 is time for us to 226 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:52,360 is time for us to say 227 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:52,680 is time for us to say no, 228 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:52,880 is time for us to say no, we 229 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:53,120 is time for us to say no, we don't 230 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:53,320 is time for us to say no, we don't want 231 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:53,720 want it, 232 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:53,920 want it, we 233 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:54,120 want it, we don't 234 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:54,320 want it, we don't want 235 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:54,520 want it, we don't want their 236 00:01:54,520 --> 00:01:54,800 want it, we don't want their new 237 00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:55,120 want it, we don't want their new technology. 238 00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:55,360 technology. Science 239 00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:55,600 technology. Science created 240 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:55,920 technology. Science created our 241 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:56,080 technology. Science created our modern 242 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:58,800 modern world. 243 00:01:58,800 --> 00:01:59,040 modern world. So 244 00:01:59,040 --> 00:01:59,320 modern world. So I 245 00:01:59,320 --> 00:01:59,520 modern world. So I want 246 00:01:59,520 --> 00:01:59,840 modern world. So I want to 247 00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:00,080 modern world. So I want to understand 248 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:00,360 understand why 249 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:00,600 understand why science 250 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:00,840 understand why science appears 251 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:01,040 understand why science appears to 252 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:01,240 understand why science appears to be 253 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:01,640 be under 254 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:01,840 be under such 255 00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:03,880 be under such attack? 256 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:04,080 be under such attack? And 257 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:04,360 be under such attack? And whether 258 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:04,600 be under such attack? And whether we 259 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:04,800 we scientists 260 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:05,120 we scientists are 261 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:05,400 we scientists are partly 262 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:05,640 we scientists are partly to 263 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:08,160 we scientists are partly to blame. 264 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:24,200 For 265 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:24,600 For me, 266 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:24,800 For me, becoming 267 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:25,000 For me, becoming president 268 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:25,280 For me, becoming president of 269 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:25,640 For me, becoming president of the 270 00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:25,800 For me, becoming president of the Royal 271 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:26,080 Royal Society 272 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:26,320 Royal Society has 273 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:26,600 Royal Society has been 274 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:26,840 Royal Society has been the 275 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:27,120 Royal Society has been the culmination 276 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:27,400 culmination of 277 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:27,600 culmination of a 278 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:27,880 culmination of a lifetime's 279 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:28,040 culmination of a lifetime's fascination 280 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:28,280 fascination with 281 00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:28,640 fascination with science, 282 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:28,880 fascination with science, and 283 00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:29,080 fascination with science, and my 284 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:29,280 fascination with science, and my attempts 285 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:29,520 attempts to 286 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:29,800 attempts to answer 287 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:30,080 attempts to answer questions 288 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:30,360 attempts to answer questions about 289 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:30,600 attempts to answer questions about the 290 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:30,840 the world 291 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:31,040 the world around 292 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:42,880 the world around me. 293 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:43,160 the world around me. I 294 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:43,280 the world around me. I have 295 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:43,760 the world around me. I have been 296 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:43,880 the world around me. I have been interested 297 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:44,080 interested in 298 00:02:44,080 --> 00:02:44,280 interested in science 299 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:44,520 interested in science all 300 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:44,760 interested in science all my 301 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:45,640 interested in science all my life. 302 00:02:45,640 --> 00:02:45,840 interested in science all my life. It 303 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:46,120 It started 304 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:46,320 It started when 305 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:46,520 It started when I 306 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:46,720 It started when I was 307 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:47,160 It started when I was at 308 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:47,360 It started when I was at primary 309 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:47,800 It started when I was at primary school. 310 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:48,040 school. I 311 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:48,280 school. I had 312 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:48,600 school. I had a 313 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:48,840 school. I had a long 314 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:49,120 school. I had a long walk 315 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:49,360 school. I had a long walk to 316 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:49,560 school. I had a long walk to school 317 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:49,800 school. I had a long walk to school and 318 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:50,160 and I 319 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:50,400 and I used 320 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:50,600 and I used to 321 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:50,800 and I used to look 322 00:02:50,800 --> 00:02:51,000 and I used to look at 323 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:51,280 and I used to look at all 324 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:51,520 and I used to look at all the 325 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:51,840 and I used to look at all the plants 326 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:52,080 plants and 327 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:52,360 plants and the 328 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:52,600 plants and the birds 329 00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:52,840 plants and the birds and 330 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:53,040 plants and the birds and insects. 331 00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:53,440 plants and the birds and insects. I 332 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:53,640 plants and the birds and insects. I got 333 00:02:53,640 --> 00:02:53,840 got interested 334 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:54,040 got interested in 335 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:54,280 got interested in natural 336 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:55,680 got interested in natural history. 337 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:55,920 got interested in natural history. I 338 00:02:55,920 --> 00:02:56,200 I used 339 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:56,480 I used to 340 00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:56,760 I used to wonder 341 00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:57,000 I used to wonder about 342 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:57,280 I used to wonder about things, 343 00:02:57,280 --> 00:02:57,520 I used to wonder about things, like 344 00:02:57,520 --> 00:02:57,800 I used to wonder about things, like why 345 00:02:57,800 --> 00:02:58,080 why when 346 00:02:58,080 --> 00:02:58,320 why when plants 347 00:02:58,320 --> 00:02:58,520 why when plants are 348 00:02:58,520 --> 00:02:58,720 why when plants are growing 349 00:02:58,720 --> 00:02:58,920 why when plants are growing in 350 00:02:58,920 --> 00:02:59,320 why when plants are growing in the 351 00:02:59,320 --> 00:02:59,520 why when plants are growing in the shade 352 00:02:59,520 --> 00:02:59,760 shade are 353 00:02:59,760 --> 00:02:59,960 shade are the 354 00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:00,240 shade are the leaves 355 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:00,480 shade are the leaves bigger? 356 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:00,800 shade are the leaves bigger? It's 357 00:03:00,800 --> 00:03:01,000 shade are the leaves bigger? It's the 358 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:01,280 the sort 359 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:01,560 the sort of 360 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:01,760 the sort of things 361 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:01,960 the sort of things an 362 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:02,360 the sort of things an eight 363 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:02,600 the sort of things an eight or 364 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:02,800 the sort of things an eight or nine 365 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:03,000 the sort of things an eight or nine year 366 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:03,200 year old 367 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:03,440 year old would 368 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:03,800 year old would ask. 369 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:04,000 year old would ask. 50 370 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:04,280 year old would ask. 50 years 371 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:04,520 year old would ask. 50 years later, 372 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:04,720 year old would ask. 50 years later, I 373 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:05,000 I am 374 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:05,320 I am still 375 00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:05,600 I am still trying 376 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:05,840 I am still trying to 377 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:06,040 I am still trying to answer 378 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:06,240 I am still trying to answer questions 379 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:06,440 questions about 380 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:06,840 questions about the 381 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:07,040 questions about the most 382 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:07,240 questions about the most basic 383 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:07,480 questions about the most basic processes 384 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:07,720 processes of 385 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,720 processes of life. 386 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:11,120 processes of life. Probably 387 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:11,320 processes of life. Probably what 388 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:11,520 processes of life. Probably what my 389 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:11,720 processes of life. Probably what my lab 390 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:12,120 lab is 391 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:12,320 lab is best 392 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:12,600 lab is best known 393 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:12,800 lab is best known for 394 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:13,120 lab is best known for is 395 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:13,320 lab is best known for is discovering 396 00:03:13,320 --> 00:03:13,640 discovering the 397 00:03:13,640 --> 00:03:13,880 discovering the control 398 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:14,160 discovering the control which 399 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:14,360 discovering the control which regulates 400 00:03:14,360 --> 00:03:14,560 regulates cell 401 00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:14,760 regulates cell division, 402 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:15,160 regulates cell division, which 403 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:15,400 regulates cell division, which will 404 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:15,600 regulates cell division, which will lead 405 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:15,800 lead hopefully 406 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:16,040 lead hopefully to 407 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:16,320 lead hopefully to better 408 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:16,560 lead hopefully to better understanding 409 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:16,880 understanding diseases 410 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:17,120 understanding diseases like 411 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:17,360 understanding diseases like cancer, 412 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:17,600 understanding diseases like cancer, and 413 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:17,800 and maybe 414 00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:18,000 and maybe a 415 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:23,920 and maybe a cure. 416 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:24,120 and maybe a cure. Ten 417 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:24,360 and maybe a cure. Ten years 418 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:24,560 and maybe a cure. Ten years ago, 419 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:24,920 and maybe a cure. Ten years ago, I 420 00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:25,120 and maybe a cure. Ten years ago, I shared 421 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:25,360 shared a 422 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:25,600 shared a Nobel 423 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,920 shared a Nobel Prize 424 00:03:25,920 --> 00:03:26,120 shared a Nobel Prize for 425 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:26,480 shared a Nobel Prize for this 426 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:27,760 shared a Nobel Prize for this work. 427 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:27,960 shared a Nobel Prize for this work. It 428 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:28,160 It is 429 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:28,440 It is fantastic, 430 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:28,720 It is fantastic, I'm 431 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:28,960 It is fantastic, I'm really 432 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:30,440 It is fantastic, I'm really privileged. 433 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:30,680 privileged. I 434 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:30,960 privileged. I have 435 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:31,280 privileged. I have been 436 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:31,480 privileged. I have been doing 437 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:31,800 privileged. I have been doing this 438 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:32,000 privileged. I have been doing this for 439 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:32,240 for 40 440 00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:32,440 for 40 years. 441 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:32,840 for 40 years. I 442 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:33,040 for 40 years. I sometimes 443 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:33,240 for 40 years. I sometimes wonder 444 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:33,440 for 40 years. I sometimes wonder why 445 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:33,640 why people 446 00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:33,920 why people are 447 00:03:33,920 --> 00:03:34,280 why people are paying 448 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:36,920 why people are paying me. 449 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:37,120 why people are paying me. But 450 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:37,360 But away 451 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:37,600 But away from 452 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:37,880 But away from my 453 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:38,120 But away from my lab, 454 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:38,400 But away from my lab, I 455 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:38,640 But away from my lab, I have 456 00:03:38,640 --> 00:03:38,920 But away from my lab, I have witnessed 457 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:39,120 witnessed hostilities 458 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:39,360 witnessed hostilities towards 459 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:39,720 witnessed hostilities towards some 460 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:39,960 witnessed hostilities towards some key 461 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:40,160 key areas 462 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:40,360 key areas of 463 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:45,000 key areas of science. 464 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:45,240 key areas of science. There 465 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:45,520 key areas of science. There is 466 00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:45,800 key areas of science. There is one 467 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:46,040 key areas of science. There is one issue 468 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:46,240 issue that 469 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:46,440 issue that is 470 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:46,800 issue that is of 471 00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:47,080 issue that is of particular 472 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:47,280 issue that is of particular importance 473 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:49,440 importance today... 474 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:49,720 importance today... The 475 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:49,920 importance today... The question 476 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:50,240 importance today... The question of 477 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:50,520 importance today... The question of man-made 478 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:50,720 man-made climate 479 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:55,240 man-made climate change. 480 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:02,520 It 481 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:02,800 It is 482 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:03,040 It is a 483 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:03,280 It is a subject 484 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:03,520 It is a subject that 485 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:03,720 It is a subject that polarises 486 00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:06,360 It is a subject that polarises opinion. 487 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:06,560 opinion. Not 488 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:06,760 opinion. Not surprisingly, 489 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:07,000 opinion. Not surprisingly, since 490 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:07,280 opinion. Not surprisingly, since climate 491 00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:07,600 climate science 492 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:07,840 climate science affects 493 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:08,080 climate science affects so 494 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:08,360 climate science affects so many 495 00:04:08,360 --> 00:04:08,560 climate science affects so many elements 496 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:08,800 elements of 497 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:09,120 elements of our 498 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:09,400 elements of our lives, 499 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:09,600 elements of our lives, from 500 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:09,800 elements of our lives, from politics, 501 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:10,000 politics, to 502 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:10,200 politics, to economics, 503 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:10,640 politics, to economics, to 504 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:10,840 politics, to economics, to how 505 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:11,040 politics, to economics, to how we 506 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:16,280 politics, to economics, to how we live. 507 00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:16,520 live. With 508 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:16,720 live. With so 509 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:16,920 live. With so much 510 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:17,160 live. With so much at 511 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:17,440 live. With so much at stake, 512 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:17,640 live. With so much at stake, scientists 513 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:17,960 scientists are 514 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:18,200 scientists are rightly 515 00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:18,480 scientists are rightly held 516 00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:18,720 scientists are rightly held to 517 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,360 scientists are rightly held to account. 518 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:21,600 account. But 519 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:21,800 account. But some 520 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:22,000 account. But some of 521 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:22,400 account. But some of my 522 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:22,640 account. But some of my colleagues 523 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:22,800 account. But some of my colleagues feel 524 00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:23,000 feel not 525 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:23,280 feel not under 526 00:04:23,280 --> 00:04:23,600 feel not under scrutiny, 527 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:23,840 feel not under scrutiny, but 528 00:04:23,840 --> 00:04:24,120 feel not under scrutiny, but under 529 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:30,720 feel not under scrutiny, but under attack. 530 00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:31,040 attack. I 531 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:31,360 attack. I was 532 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:31,560 attack. I was pretty 533 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:31,760 attack. I was pretty disturbed 534 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:31,960 attack. I was pretty disturbed by 535 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:32,240 attack. I was pretty disturbed by a 536 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:32,560 attack. I was pretty disturbed by a letter 537 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:32,760 letter I 538 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:32,960 letter I read 539 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:33,240 letter I read a 540 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:33,480 letter I read a few 541 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:33,760 letter I read a few months 542 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:34,040 letter I read a few months ago 543 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:34,320 letter I read a few months ago by 544 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:34,600 letter I read a few months ago by a 545 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:34,800 letter I read a few months ago by a magazine 546 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:35,000 magazine called 547 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:35,200 magazine called Science 548 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:35,600 magazine called Science - 549 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:35,800 magazine called Science - that 550 00:04:35,800 --> 00:04:36,040 magazine called Science - that is 551 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:36,240 magazine called Science - that is one 552 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:36,520 one of 553 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:36,720 one of the 554 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:37,040 one of the most 555 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:37,360 one of the most prestigious 556 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:37,560 one of the most prestigious journals 557 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:37,800 journals in 558 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:38,040 journals in science 559 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:38,240 journals in science - 560 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:38,600 journals in science - from 561 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:38,840 journals in science - from 255 562 00:04:38,840 --> 00:04:39,080 journals in science - from 255 members, 563 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:39,280 members, if 564 00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:39,480 members, if I 565 00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:39,720 members, if I remember 566 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:39,960 members, if I remember rightly, 567 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:40,280 members, if I remember rightly, of 568 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:40,480 members, if I remember rightly, of the 569 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:40,720 the NAAS, 570 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:41,000 the NAAS, the 571 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:41,240 the NAAS, the Academy 572 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:41,520 the NAAS, the Academy of 573 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:41,840 the NAAS, the Academy of Science 574 00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:42,120 the NAAS, the Academy of Science in 575 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:42,320 the NAAS, the Academy of Science in the 576 00:04:42,320 --> 00:04:42,520 the United 577 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:42,720 the United States, 578 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:42,920 the United States, a 579 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:43,320 the United States, a very 580 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:43,520 the United States, a very prestigious 581 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:51,080 prestigious organisation. 582 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:51,320 prestigious organisation. These 583 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:51,600 prestigious organisation. These 255 584 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:51,840 prestigious organisation. These 255 members 585 00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:52,080 members had 586 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:52,400 members had written 587 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:52,640 members had written a 588 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:52,880 members had written a letter 589 00:04:52,880 --> 00:04:53,080 members had written a letter really 590 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:53,280 members had written a letter really expressing 591 00:04:53,280 --> 00:04:53,480 expressing concern 592 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:53,880 expressing concern about 593 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:54,120 expressing concern about how 594 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:54,320 expressing concern about how climate 595 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:54,520 climate scientists 596 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:54,840 climate scientists were 597 00:04:54,840 --> 00:04:55,120 climate scientists were being 598 00:04:55,120 --> 00:05:00,000 climate scientists were being treated. 599 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:00,200 treated. The 600 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:00,400 treated. The letter 601 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:00,800 treated. The letter was 602 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:01,000 treated. The letter was about 603 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:01,200 treated. The letter was about climate 604 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:01,400 climate change 605 00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:01,680 climate change and 606 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:01,920 climate change and the 607 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:02,200 climate change and the integrity 608 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:02,480 climate change and the integrity of 609 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:03,640 climate change and the integrity of science. 610 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:03,880 science. Two 611 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:04,240 science. Two sentences 612 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:04,440 science. Two sentences really 613 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:04,720 science. Two sentences really stood 614 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,920 science. Two sentences really stood out. 615 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:09,320 out. "We 616 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:09,520 out. "We are 617 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:09,760 out. "We are deeply 618 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:09,920 out. "We are deeply disturbed 619 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:10,200 out. "We are deeply disturbed by 620 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:10,560 out. "We are deeply disturbed by the 621 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:10,760 the recent 622 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:10,960 the recent escalation 623 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:11,240 the recent escalation of 624 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:11,520 the recent escalation of political 625 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:11,720 the recent escalation of political assaults 626 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:11,960 assaults on 627 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:12,280 assaults on scientists 628 00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:12,520 assaults on scientists in 629 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:12,800 assaults on scientists in general, 630 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:13,000 assaults on scientists in general, and 631 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:13,160 and on 632 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:13,400 and on climate 633 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:13,800 and on climate scientists 634 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:14,000 and on climate scientists in 635 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,040 and on climate scientists in particular". 636 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:16,280 particular". That 637 00:05:16,280 --> 00:05:16,520 particular". That is 638 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:16,840 particular". That is pretty 639 00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:17,080 particular". That is pretty strong 640 00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:19,120 particular". That is pretty strong stuff. 641 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:19,360 stuff. And 642 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:19,680 stuff. And then 643 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:19,880 stuff. And then a 644 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:20,160 stuff. And then a sentence 645 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:20,440 stuff. And then a sentence towards 646 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:20,720 stuff. And then a sentence towards the 647 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:22,920 the end: 648 00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:23,320 the end: "We 649 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:23,520 the end: "We also 650 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:23,760 the end: "We also call 651 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:23,960 the end: "We also call for 652 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:24,200 the end: "We also call for an 653 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:24,560 the end: "We also call for an end 654 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:24,760 the end: "We also call for an end to 655 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:24,960 to McCarthy-like 656 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:25,200 to McCarthy-like threats 657 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:25,480 to McCarthy-like threats of 658 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:25,720 to McCarthy-like threats of criminal 659 00:05:25,720 --> 00:05:25,920 criminal prosecution 660 00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:26,280 criminal prosecution against 661 00:05:26,280 --> 00:05:26,560 criminal prosecution against our 662 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:26,760 criminal prosecution against our colleagues 663 00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:27,000 colleagues based 664 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:27,200 colleagues based on 665 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:27,400 colleagues based on innuendo 666 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:27,840 colleagues based on innuendo and 667 00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:28,000 colleagues based on innuendo and guilt 668 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:28,200 guilt by 669 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:28,440 guilt by association, 670 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:28,680 guilt by association, and 671 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:28,960 guilt by association, and the 672 00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:29,240 guilt by association, and the outright 673 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:29,440 outright lies 674 00:05:29,440 --> 00:05:29,720 outright lies being 675 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:30,000 outright lies being spread 676 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:30,280 outright lies being spread about 677 00:05:30,280 --> 00:05:35,120 outright lies being spread about them". 678 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:35,320 them". This 679 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:35,720 them". This is 680 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:35,920 them". This is as 681 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:36,160 them". This is as tough 682 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:36,360 them". This is as tough as 683 00:05:36,360 --> 00:05:36,600 them". This is as tough as anything 684 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:36,880 them". This is as tough as anything I 685 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:37,120 I have 686 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:37,400 I have read 687 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:37,680 I have read in 688 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:37,920 I have read in a 689 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:38,160 I have read in a magazine 690 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:38,400 I have read in a magazine like 691 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:41,480 I have read in a magazine like Science. 692 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:41,720 Science. What 693 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:41,960 What worries 694 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:42,200 What worries me 695 00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:42,440 What worries me is 696 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:42,720 What worries me is not 697 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:43,040 What worries me is not just 698 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:43,280 What worries me is not just that 699 00:05:43,280 --> 00:05:43,440 What worries me is not just that scientists 700 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:43,640 scientists feel 701 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:43,880 scientists feel under 702 00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:44,280 scientists feel under attack, 703 00:05:44,280 --> 00:05:44,480 scientists feel under attack, but 704 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:44,680 scientists feel under attack, but that 705 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:44,920 that many 706 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:45,200 that many people 707 00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:45,480 that many people think 708 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:45,760 that many people think these 709 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:46,000 that many people think these attacks 710 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:46,240 attacks may 711 00:05:46,240 --> 00:05:46,520 attacks may be 712 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:46,720 attacks may be intellectually 713 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:52,200 attacks may be intellectually justified. 714 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:52,400 justified. Recent 715 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:52,640 justified. Recent polls 716 00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:53,040 justified. Recent polls suggest 717 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:53,200 justified. Recent polls suggest that 718 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:53,440 that nearly 719 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:53,680 that nearly half 720 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:53,960 that nearly half of 721 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:54,200 that nearly half of Americans, 722 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:54,560 that nearly half of Americans, and 723 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:54,760 that nearly half of Americans, and a 724 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:55,040 a more 725 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:55,240 a more than 726 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:55,440 a more than a 727 00:05:55,440 --> 00:05:55,640 a more than a third 728 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:55,880 a more than a third of 729 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:56,240 a more than a third of the 730 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:56,440 a more than a third of the British, 731 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:56,640 a more than a third of the British, believe 732 00:05:56,640 --> 00:05:56,920 believe climate 733 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:57,160 believe climate change 734 00:05:57,160 --> 00:05:57,440 believe climate change is 735 00:05:57,440 --> 00:05:57,760 believe climate change is being 736 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:01,600 believe climate change is being exaggerated. 737 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:01,920 exaggerated. It 738 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:02,160 exaggerated. It is 739 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:02,400 exaggerated. It is this 740 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:02,640 exaggerated. It is this gap 741 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:02,920 exaggerated. It is this gap between 742 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:03,160 exaggerated. It is this gap between scientists 743 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:03,360 scientists and 744 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:03,720 scientists and the 745 00:06:03,720 --> 00:06:03,960 scientists and the public 746 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:04,160 scientists and the public that 747 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:04,400 scientists and the public that I 748 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:04,600 scientists and the public that I want 749 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:04,840 want to 750 00:06:04,840 --> 00:06:08,000 want to understand. 751 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:08,240 want to understand. Are 752 00:06:08,240 --> 00:06:08,560 want to understand. Are the 753 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:08,800 want to understand. Are the public 754 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:09,040 want to understand. Are the public right 755 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:09,240 right not 756 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:09,480 right not to 757 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:09,680 right not to trust 758 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:09,880 right not to trust science, 759 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:10,280 right not to trust science, or 760 00:06:10,280 --> 00:06:10,520 right not to trust science, or is 761 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:10,720 right not to trust science, or is there 762 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:10,960 there something 763 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:11,240 there something else 764 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:11,480 there something else that 765 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:11,800 there something else that is 766 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:12,080 there something else that is not 767 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:17,160 there something else that is not working? 768 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:17,400 working? As 769 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:17,680 working? As always, 770 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:17,920 working? As always, the 771 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:18,200 working? As always, the best 772 00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:18,480 working? As always, the best place 773 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:18,720 working? As always, the best place to 774 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:18,960 to start 775 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:19,200 to start is 776 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:19,400 to start is with 777 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:19,760 to start is with the 778 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:20,040 to start is with the scientific 779 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:21,320 to start is with the scientific evidence. 780 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:21,640 evidence. Good 781 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:21,880 evidence. Good morning, 782 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:22,080 evidence. Good morning, how 783 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:22,400 evidence. Good morning, how are 784 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:22,600 evidence. Good morning, how are you? 785 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:22,840 you? I 786 00:06:22,840 --> 00:06:23,160 you? I want 787 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:23,400 you? I want to 788 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:23,680 you? I want to go 789 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:23,880 you? I want to go to 790 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:24,080 you? I want to go to the 791 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:24,280 you? I want to go to the space 792 00:06:24,280 --> 00:06:24,520 you? I want to go to the space centre, 793 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:24,880 centre, OK? 794 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:25,120 centre, OK? I'll 795 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:25,360 centre, OK? I'll put 796 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:25,600 centre, OK? I'll put my 797 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:25,840 centre, OK? I'll put my stuff 798 00:06:25,840 --> 00:06:26,120 centre, OK? I'll put my stuff in 799 00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:26,400 centre, OK? I'll put my stuff in the 800 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,400 the boot. 801 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:30,840 I 802 00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:31,080 I have 803 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:31,320 I have come 804 00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:31,600 I have come to 805 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:31,880 I have come to Washington 806 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:32,160 I have come to Washington to 807 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:32,400 I have come to Washington to visit 808 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:32,600 I have come to Washington to visit one 809 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:32,800 one of 810 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:33,000 one of the 811 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:33,440 one of the most 812 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:33,640 one of the most respected 813 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:33,840 one of the most respected scientific 814 00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:34,080 scientific organisations 815 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:34,280 scientific organisations in 816 00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:34,560 scientific organisations in the 817 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:34,840 scientific organisations in the world, 818 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:36,880 world, NASA. 819 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:37,160 world, NASA. I 820 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:37,480 world, NASA. I am 821 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:37,720 world, NASA. I am really 822 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:37,960 world, NASA. I am really rather 823 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:38,200 world, NASA. I am really rather excited 824 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:38,480 excited about 825 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:38,680 excited about coming 826 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:39,040 excited about coming to 827 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:39,280 excited about coming to NASA. 828 00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:39,520 excited about coming to NASA. I 829 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:39,720 excited about coming to NASA. I have 830 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:39,920 have always 831 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:40,120 have always been 832 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:40,520 have always been interested 833 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:40,760 have always been interested in 834 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:40,920 have always been interested in astronomy 835 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:41,160 astronomy and 836 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:43,240 astronomy and space. 837 00:06:43,240 --> 00:06:43,440 astronomy and space. The 838 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:43,760 astronomy and space. The strange 839 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:43,960 astronomy and space. The strange thing 840 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:44,280 thing about 841 00:06:44,280 --> 00:06:44,520 thing about NASA 842 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:44,800 thing about NASA is 843 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:45,000 thing about NASA is not 844 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:45,200 thing about NASA is not only 845 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:45,400 thing about NASA is not only is 846 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:45,800 thing about NASA is not only is it 847 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:46,000 thing about NASA is not only is it looking 848 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:46,200 looking out 849 00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:46,440 looking out into 850 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:46,680 looking out into outer 851 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:46,960 looking out into outer space, 852 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:47,240 looking out into outer space, like 853 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:47,560 looking out into outer space, like with 854 00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:47,760 with the 855 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:48,000 with the Hubble 856 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:48,240 with the Hubble telescope, 857 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:48,440 with the Hubble telescope, but 858 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:48,800 with the Hubble telescope, but it 859 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:49,080 with the Hubble telescope, but it spends 860 00:06:49,080 --> 00:06:49,280 spends a 861 00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:49,480 spends a lot 862 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:49,680 spends a lot of 863 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:49,920 spends a lot of time 864 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:50,280 spends a lot of time looking 865 00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:50,480 spends a lot of time looking down 866 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:50,680 spends a lot of time looking down at 867 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:50,960 at the 868 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:51,200 at the earth 869 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:51,480 at the earth and 870 00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:51,760 at the earth and monitoring 871 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:58,000 at the earth and monitoring climate. 872 00:06:58,000 --> 00:06:58,240 at the earth and monitoring climate. Satellites 873 00:06:58,240 --> 00:06:58,600 Satellites are 874 00:06:58,600 --> 00:06:58,760 Satellites are very 875 00:06:58,760 --> 00:06:59,000 Satellites are very good 876 00:06:59,000 --> 00:06:59,680 Satellites are very good at 877 00:06:59,680 --> 00:06:59,880 Satellites are very good at monitoring 878 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:00,240 monitoring the 879 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:00,400 monitoring the changes 880 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:00,640 monitoring the changes in 881 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:01,320 monitoring the changes in earth. 882 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:01,560 monitoring the changes in earth. I 883 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:01,800 monitoring the changes in earth. I don't 884 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:02,120 don't think 885 00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:02,360 don't think we 886 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:02,600 don't think we recognise 887 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:02,880 don't think we recognise that. 888 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:03,080 don't think we recognise that. Most 889 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:03,280 don't think we recognise that. Most of 890 00:07:03,280 --> 00:07:03,680 of what 891 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:03,880 of what NASA 892 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:04,080 of what NASA is 893 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:04,320 of what NASA is doing 894 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:04,560 of what NASA is doing is 895 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:04,760 of what NASA is doing is looking 896 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:05,120 of what NASA is doing is looking down, 897 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:05,320 down, not 898 00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:05,600 down, not looking 899 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:07,920 down, not looking up! 900 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:08,160 down, not looking up! If 901 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:08,360 If you 902 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:08,560 If you can 903 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:08,760 If you can park 904 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:09,000 If you can park here, 905 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:09,400 If you can park here, I 906 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:09,600 If you can park here, I can 907 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:09,800 If you can park here, I can get 908 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:10,120 If you can park here, I can get out 909 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:10,320 If you can park here, I can get out there. 910 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:10,600 there. That 911 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:10,880 there. That would 912 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:11,160 there. That would be 913 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:16,080 there. That would be great. 914 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:16,280 there. That would be great. NASA 915 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:16,480 there. That would be great. NASA is 916 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:16,680 there. That would be great. NASA is a 917 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:16,920 a major 918 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:17,160 a major centre 919 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:17,520 a major centre for 920 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:17,760 a major centre for climate 921 00:07:17,760 --> 00:07:19,320 a major centre for climate research. 922 00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:19,520 a major centre for climate research. It 923 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:19,760 It spends 924 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:20,160 It spends more 925 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:20,360 It spends more than 926 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:20,560 It spends more than $2 927 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:20,840 It spends more than $2 billion 928 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:21,080 It spends more than $2 billion a 929 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:21,320 It spends more than $2 billion a year 930 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:21,600 year studying 931 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:21,840 year studying the 932 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:23,880 year studying the climate. 933 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:24,160 year studying the climate. I 934 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:24,400 year studying the climate. I have 935 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:24,600 year studying the climate. I have come 936 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:24,960 come to 937 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:25,160 come to meet 938 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:25,400 come to meet Dr 939 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:25,600 come to meet Dr Bob 940 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:25,840 come to meet Dr Bob Bindshadler 941 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:26,080 come to meet Dr Bob Bindshadler to 942 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:26,440 come to meet Dr Bob Bindshadler to see 943 00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:26,640 see where 944 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:26,880 see where and 945 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:27,080 see where and how 946 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:27,360 see where and how they 947 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:27,640 see where and how they get 948 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:27,920 see where and how they get their 949 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:31,920 see where and how they get their information. 950 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:32,120 information. Here, 951 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:32,320 information. Here, we 952 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:32,560 information. Here, we can 953 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:32,960 information. Here, we can really 954 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:33,160 information. Here, we can really visualise 955 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:33,360 visualise a 956 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:33,640 visualise a lot 957 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:33,840 visualise a lot of 958 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:34,160 visualise a lot of data 959 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:34,440 visualise a lot of data sets 960 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:34,720 visualise a lot of data sets and 961 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:34,920 visualise a lot of data sets and this 962 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:35,160 this is 963 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:35,360 this is the 964 00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:35,560 this is the one 965 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:35,880 this is the one I 966 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:36,200 this is the one I really 967 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:36,400 this is the one I really like 968 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:36,640 this is the one I really like because 969 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:36,840 because it 970 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:37,120 because it shows 971 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:37,360 because it shows us 972 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:37,680 because it shows us how 973 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:37,920 because it shows us how scientists 974 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:38,160 because it shows us how scientists are 975 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:38,400 are getting 976 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:38,640 are getting their 977 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:40,840 are getting their data. 978 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:41,080 are getting their data. I 979 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:41,400 are getting their data. I mean, 980 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:41,680 are getting their data. I mean, NASA 981 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:41,880 NASA does 982 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:42,160 NASA does a 983 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:42,360 NASA does a lot 984 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:42,640 NASA does a lot of 985 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:42,880 NASA does a lot of stuff 986 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:43,200 NASA does a lot of stuff in 987 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:43,480 NASA does a lot of stuff in the 988 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:43,680 NASA does a lot of stuff in the cosmos, 989 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:43,920 cosmos, but 990 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:44,120 cosmos, but we 991 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:44,320 cosmos, but we have 992 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:44,720 cosmos, but we have half 993 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:44,920 cosmos, but we have half the 994 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:45,120 cosmos, but we have half the satellites 995 00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:45,320 satellites just 996 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:45,600 satellites just looking 997 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:45,840 satellites just looking at 998 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:46,160 satellites just looking at the 999 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:46,440 satellites just looking at the earth, 1000 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:46,720 earth, just 1001 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:46,960 earth, just looking 1002 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:47,160 earth, just looking down 1003 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:47,360 earth, just looking down at 1004 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:47,560 earth, just looking down at the 1005 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:49,240 earth, just looking down at the earth. 1006 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:49,600 earth. Every 1007 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:49,840 earth. Every 90 1008 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:50,040 earth. Every 90 minutes, 1009 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:50,320 earth. Every 90 minutes, every 1010 00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:50,560 earth. Every 90 minutes, every one 1011 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:50,800 earth. Every 90 minutes, every one of 1012 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:51,080 of these 1013 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:51,320 of these satellites 1014 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:51,640 of these satellites orbits 1015 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:51,840 of these satellites orbits the 1016 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:52,040 of these satellites orbits the earth 1017 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:52,240 earth and 1018 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:52,640 earth and collects 1019 00:07:52,640 --> 00:07:52,840 earth and collects data, 1020 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:53,040 earth and collects data, sometimes 1021 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:53,280 earth and collects data, sometimes in 1022 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:53,480 in a 1023 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:53,800 in a wide 1024 00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:54,080 in a wide swathe, 1025 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:54,320 in a wide swathe, sometimes 1026 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:54,600 in a wide swathe, sometimes in 1027 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:54,880 in a wide swathe, sometimes in a 1028 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:55,080 in a wide swathe, sometimes in a narrow 1029 00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:56,920 narrow swathe. 1030 00:07:56,920 --> 00:07:57,160 narrow swathe. This 1031 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:57,440 narrow swathe. This is 1032 00:07:57,440 --> 00:07:57,720 narrow swathe. This is our 1033 00:07:57,720 --> 00:07:58,000 narrow swathe. This is our bread 1034 00:07:58,000 --> 00:07:58,200 narrow swathe. This is our bread and 1035 00:07:58,200 --> 00:07:58,480 and butter, 1036 00:07:58,480 --> 00:07:58,720 and butter, this 1037 00:07:58,720 --> 00:07:58,920 and butter, this is 1038 00:07:58,920 --> 00:07:59,120 and butter, this is where 1039 00:07:59,120 --> 00:07:59,560 and butter, this is where all 1040 00:07:59,560 --> 00:07:59,760 and butter, this is where all our 1041 00:07:59,760 --> 00:07:59,960 and butter, this is where all our information 1042 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:00,160 information comes 1043 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:00,400 information comes from. 1044 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:00,680 information comes from. So, 1045 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:00,960 information comes from. So, how 1046 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:01,200 information comes from. So, how many 1047 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:01,440 many of 1048 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:01,680 many of these 1049 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:01,920 many of these satellites 1050 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:02,200 many of these satellites are 1051 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:02,400 many of these satellites are there 1052 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:02,800 many of these satellites are there up 1053 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:03,000 up there? 1054 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:03,200 up there? There 1055 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:03,400 up there? There are 1056 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:03,640 up there? There are about 1057 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:03,880 up there? There are about 16, 1058 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:04,240 up there? There are about 16, 17, 1059 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:04,440 up there? There are about 16, 17, 1060 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:04,720 18 satellites 1061 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:04,960 18 satellites up 1062 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:05,240 18 satellites up there 1063 00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:05,440 18 satellites up there right 1064 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:05,800 18 satellites up there right now, 1065 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:06,040 18 satellites up there right now, just 1066 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:06,240 just that 1067 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:06,440 just that NASA 1068 00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:06,640 just that NASA operates. 1069 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:06,880 just that NASA operates. There 1070 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:07,280 just that NASA operates. There are 1071 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:07,480 just that NASA operates. There are at 1072 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:07,680 at least 1073 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:07,920 at least as 1074 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:08,200 at least as many 1075 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:08,440 at least as many from 1076 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:08,760 at least as many from all 1077 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:09,040 at least as many from all the 1078 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:09,240 at least as many from all the other 1079 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:09,480 at least as many from all the other space 1080 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:09,720 space agencies. 1081 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:09,920 space agencies. The 1082 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:10,320 space agencies. The European 1083 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:10,520 space agencies. The European Space 1084 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:10,720 space agencies. The European Space Agency, 1085 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:10,920 Agency, India 1086 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:11,200 Agency, India operates 1087 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:11,440 Agency, India operates satellites, 1088 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:11,680 Agency, India operates satellites, Japan 1089 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:12,000 Japan does, 1090 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:12,200 Japan does, Canada 1091 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:16,000 Japan does, Canada does. 1092 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:16,200 Japan does, Canada does. So 1093 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:16,560 Japan does, Canada does. So if 1094 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:16,840 Japan does, Canada does. So if you 1095 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:17,000 Japan does, Canada does. So if you put 1096 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:17,240 put that 1097 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:17,400 put that full 1098 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:17,680 put that full constellation 1099 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:18,040 put that full constellation on 1100 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:18,240 put that full constellation on there 1101 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:18,480 there it 1102 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:18,760 there it would 1103 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:19,000 there it would be 1104 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:19,240 there it would be so 1105 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:19,440 there it would be so busy 1106 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:19,800 there it would be so busy it 1107 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:20,080 there it would be so busy it would 1108 00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:20,280 there it would be so busy it would look 1109 00:08:20,280 --> 00:08:20,480 look like 1110 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:20,680 look like New 1111 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:20,920 look like New York 1112 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:21,280 look like New York streets 1113 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:21,480 look like New York streets in 1114 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:21,720 look like New York streets in rush 1115 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:21,960 look like New York streets in rush hour. 1116 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:22,160 hour. But 1117 00:08:22,160 --> 00:08:22,480 hour. But that 1118 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:22,760 hour. But that is 1119 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:23,040 hour. But that is a 1120 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:23,280 hour. But that is a gigantic 1121 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:23,520 hour. But that is a gigantic amount 1122 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:23,720 hour. But that is a gigantic amount of 1123 00:08:23,720 --> 00:08:23,920 of information 1124 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:24,320 of information being 1125 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:24,560 of information being collected? 1126 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:24,720 of information being collected? It's 1127 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:24,960 It's huge, 1128 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:25,200 It's huge, it's 1129 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:25,720 It's huge, it's terabytes. 1130 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:25,960 It's huge, it's terabytes. It 1131 00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:26,280 It's huge, it's terabytes. It is 1132 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:26,520 It's huge, it's terabytes. It is petabytes 1133 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:26,760 petabytes of 1134 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:26,960 petabytes of data, 1135 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:27,160 petabytes of data, every 1136 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:27,360 petabytes of data, every day, 1137 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:27,640 petabytes of data, every day, coming 1138 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:30,600 coming down. 1139 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:30,760 coming down. NASA 1140 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:31,040 NASA is 1141 00:08:31,040 --> 00:08:31,240 NASA is just 1142 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:31,440 NASA is just one 1143 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:31,840 NASA is just one of 1144 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:32,040 NASA is just one of many 1145 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:32,240 NASA is just one of many organisations 1146 00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:32,440 organisations collecting 1147 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:32,720 organisations collecting global 1148 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:32,960 organisations collecting global climate 1149 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:36,480 climate evidence. 1150 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:36,680 climate evidence. This 1151 00:08:36,680 --> 00:08:36,920 climate evidence. This information 1152 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:37,120 climate evidence. This information has 1153 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:37,320 has helped 1154 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:37,520 has helped create 1155 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:37,960 has helped create a 1156 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:38,120 has helped create a view 1157 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:38,360 has helped create a view of 1158 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:38,640 has helped create a view of how 1159 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:38,840 has helped create a view of how our 1160 00:08:38,840 --> 00:08:39,160 has helped create a view of how our planet's 1161 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:39,440 planet's temperature 1162 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:39,720 planet's temperature has 1163 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:39,920 planet's temperature has changed 1164 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:40,200 planet's temperature has changed in 1165 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:40,360 planet's temperature has changed in the 1166 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:40,560 the recent 1167 00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:45,760 the recent past. 1168 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:46,000 the recent past. Paul, 1169 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:46,280 the recent past. Paul, I 1170 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:46,480 the recent past. Paul, I want 1171 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:46,680 the recent past. Paul, I want to 1172 00:08:46,680 --> 00:08:47,080 the recent past. Paul, I want to show 1173 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:47,280 show you 1174 00:08:47,280 --> 00:08:47,480 show you this 1175 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:47,680 show you this science 1176 00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:47,960 show you this science on 1177 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:48,160 show you this science on a 1178 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:48,520 show you this science on a sphere, 1179 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:48,760 show you this science on a sphere, a 1180 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:49,000 a fantastic 1181 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:49,240 a fantastic way 1182 00:08:49,240 --> 00:08:49,520 a fantastic way of 1183 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:49,720 a fantastic way of looking 1184 00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:50,080 a fantastic way of looking at 1185 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:51,360 a fantastic way of looking at data. 1186 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:51,560 a fantastic way of looking at data. Recognise 1187 00:08:51,560 --> 00:08:51,840 Recognise that 1188 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:53,400 Recognise that world. 1189 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:53,600 Recognise that world. You 1190 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:53,840 Recognise that world. You can 1191 00:08:53,840 --> 00:08:54,080 Recognise that world. You can just 1192 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:54,320 Recognise that world. You can just walk 1193 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:54,560 walk around 1194 00:08:54,560 --> 00:08:54,880 walk around here, 1195 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:55,160 walk around here, see 1196 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:55,360 walk around here, see the 1197 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:55,600 walk around here, see the clouds 1198 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:55,800 walk around here, see the clouds moving 1199 00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:56,200 moving round. 1200 00:08:56,200 --> 00:08:56,520 moving round. It's 1201 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:56,800 moving round. It's an 1202 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:57,040 moving round. It's an absolutely 1203 00:08:57,040 --> 00:08:57,240 moving round. It's an absolutely fantastic 1204 00:08:57,240 --> 00:08:57,440 fantastic way 1205 00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:57,640 fantastic way of 1206 00:08:57,640 --> 00:08:58,040 fantastic way of looking 1207 00:08:58,040 --> 00:08:58,240 fantastic way of looking at 1208 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:08,960 fantastic way of looking at data. 1209 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:09,200 fantastic way of looking at data. So, 1210 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:09,440 So, I 1211 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:09,640 So, I guess 1212 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:09,840 So, I guess the 1213 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:10,080 So, I guess the real 1214 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:10,440 So, I guess the real question 1215 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:10,640 So, I guess the real question is, 1216 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:10,880 So, I guess the real question is, is 1217 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:11,120 is this 1218 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:11,400 is this planet 1219 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:11,640 is this planet warming 1220 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:11,880 is this planet warming up? 1221 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:12,280 is this planet warming up? The 1222 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:12,480 is this planet warming up? The planet 1223 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:12,680 planet is 1224 00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:12,880 planet is warming 1225 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:13,080 planet is warming up, 1226 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:13,320 planet is warming up, the 1227 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:13,720 planet is warming up, the climate 1228 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:13,880 planet is warming up, the climate is 1229 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:15,720 is changing. 1230 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:15,920 is changing. Just 1231 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:16,200 is changing. Just over 1232 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:16,520 is changing. Just over the 1233 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:16,720 is changing. Just over the last 1234 00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,000 is changing. Just over the last 50 1235 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:17,200 is changing. Just over the last 50 years, 1236 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:17,480 years, it 1237 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:17,720 years, it has 1238 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:18,040 years, it has been 1239 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:18,320 years, it has been about 1240 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:18,560 years, it has been about three 1241 00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:18,760 years, it has been about three quarters 1242 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:18,960 quarters of 1243 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:19,160 quarters of a 1244 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:19,560 quarters of a degree 1245 00:09:19,560 --> 00:09:19,760 quarters of a degree Celsius, 1246 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:20,000 quarters of a degree Celsius, which 1247 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:20,200 quarters of a degree Celsius, which doesn't 1248 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:20,440 doesn't sound 1249 00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:20,720 doesn't sound like 1250 00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:21,000 doesn't sound like a 1251 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:21,280 doesn't sound like a whole 1252 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:21,480 doesn't sound like a whole lot. 1253 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:21,800 doesn't sound like a whole lot. And 1254 00:09:21,800 --> 00:09:22,000 doesn't sound like a whole lot. And we 1255 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:22,200 we have 1256 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:22,440 we have been 1257 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:22,840 we have been able 1258 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:23,040 we have been able to 1259 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:23,240 we have been able to calculate 1260 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:23,440 we have been able to calculate that 1261 00:09:23,440 --> 00:09:23,680 we have been able to calculate that over 1262 00:09:23,680 --> 00:09:23,960 over the 1263 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:24,240 over the next 1264 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:24,520 over the next 50 1265 00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:24,720 over the next 50 years 1266 00:09:24,720 --> 00:09:25,000 over the next 50 years it 1267 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:25,240 over the next 50 years it is 1268 00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:25,480 over the next 50 years it is going 1269 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:25,840 over the next 50 years it is going to 1270 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:26,080 to warm 1271 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:26,280 to warm at 1272 00:09:26,280 --> 00:09:26,480 to warm at least 1273 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:26,680 to warm at least another 1274 00:09:26,680 --> 00:09:26,960 to warm at least another three 1275 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:27,160 to warm at least another three quarters 1276 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:27,520 quarters of 1277 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:27,720 quarters of a 1278 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:28,040 quarters of a degree 1279 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:28,240 quarters of a degree if 1280 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:28,520 quarters of a degree if we 1281 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:28,760 quarters of a degree if we do 1282 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:28,920 quarters of a degree if we do nothing 1283 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:29,320 nothing else, 1284 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:29,520 nothing else, if 1285 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:29,720 nothing else, if we 1286 00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:29,920 nothing else, if we don't 1287 00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:30,200 nothing else, if we don't even 1288 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:30,480 nothing else, if we don't even continue 1289 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:30,760 continue to 1290 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:31,000 continue to modify 1291 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:31,240 continue to modify the 1292 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:32,560 continue to modify the climate. 1293 00:09:32,560 --> 00:09:32,760 continue to modify the climate. So 1294 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:33,000 continue to modify the climate. So temperatures 1295 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:33,240 temperatures are 1296 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:37,240 temperatures are rising. 1297 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:37,440 temperatures are rising. But 1298 00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:37,680 temperatures are rising. But what 1299 00:09:37,680 --> 00:09:37,880 temperatures are rising. But what is 1300 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:38,160 is really 1301 00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:38,480 is really at 1302 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:38,680 is really at dispute 1303 00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:38,920 is really at dispute is 1304 00:09:38,920 --> 00:09:39,160 is really at dispute is the 1305 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:39,440 is really at dispute is the cause 1306 00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:39,680 is really at dispute is the cause of 1307 00:09:39,680 --> 00:09:40,040 of that 1308 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:40,280 of that change, 1309 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:40,480 of that change, whether 1310 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:40,720 of that change, whether it's 1311 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:40,880 of that change, whether it's simply 1312 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:41,160 of that change, whether it's simply a 1313 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:41,520 a natural 1314 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:41,720 a natural temperature 1315 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:43,120 a natural temperature fluctuation. 1316 00:09:43,120 --> 00:09:43,360 a natural temperature fluctuation. There 1317 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:43,600 There have 1318 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:43,880 There have been 1319 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:44,160 There have been times 1320 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:44,440 There have been times when 1321 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:44,680 There have been times when the 1322 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:44,960 There have been times when the earth 1323 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:45,160 earth has 1324 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:45,360 earth has been 1325 00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:45,560 earth has been warmer 1326 00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:46,000 earth has been warmer than 1327 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:46,160 earth has been warmer than it 1328 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:46,400 earth has been warmer than it is 1329 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:47,480 earth has been warmer than it is today. 1330 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:47,720 today. Less 1331 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:47,960 today. Less ice, 1332 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:48,240 today. Less ice, higher 1333 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:48,400 today. Less ice, higher sea 1334 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:48,840 today. Less ice, higher sea level 1335 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:49,040 today. Less ice, higher sea level and 1336 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:49,240 and colder 1337 00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:49,440 and colder than 1338 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:49,640 and colder than today, 1339 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:49,920 and colder than today, with 1340 00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:50,280 and colder than today, with much 1341 00:09:50,280 --> 00:09:50,480 and colder than today, with much more 1342 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:50,680 more ice 1343 00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:50,960 more ice and 1344 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:51,200 more ice and lower 1345 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:51,480 more ice and lower sea 1346 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:54,760 more ice and lower sea level. 1347 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:55,000 more ice and lower sea level. But 1348 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:55,280 more ice and lower sea level. But an 1349 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:55,480 an important 1350 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:55,800 an important thing 1351 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:56,080 an important thing to 1352 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:56,320 an important thing to remember 1353 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:56,520 an important thing to remember is 1354 00:09:56,520 --> 00:09:56,760 an important thing to remember is that 1355 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:56,960 that back 1356 00:09:56,960 --> 00:09:57,360 that back in 1357 00:09:57,360 --> 00:09:57,560 that back in those 1358 00:09:57,560 --> 00:09:57,760 that back in those times, 1359 00:09:57,760 --> 00:09:58,000 that back in those times, climate 1360 00:09:58,000 --> 00:09:58,200 that back in those times, climate changed 1361 00:09:58,200 --> 00:09:58,480 changed very 1362 00:09:58,480 --> 00:09:58,800 changed very gradually 1363 00:09:58,800 --> 00:09:59,040 changed very gradually and 1364 00:09:59,040 --> 00:09:59,280 changed very gradually and now 1365 00:09:59,280 --> 00:09:59,600 changed very gradually and now it 1366 00:09:59,600 --> 00:09:59,800 changed very gradually and now it is 1367 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:00,000 is changing 1368 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:00,360 is changing really 1369 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:02,160 is changing really fast. 1370 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:02,400 is changing really fast. That 1371 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:02,680 is changing really fast. That is 1372 00:10:02,680 --> 00:10:02,960 is changing really fast. That is a 1373 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:03,200 is changing really fast. That is a very 1374 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:03,440 very important 1375 00:10:03,440 --> 00:10:03,640 very important characteristic 1376 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:03,840 very important characteristic of 1377 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:04,080 very important characteristic of climate 1378 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:04,480 climate change 1379 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:04,680 climate change that 1380 00:10:04,680 --> 00:10:04,880 climate change that we 1381 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:05,080 climate change that we are 1382 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:05,360 climate change that we are living 1383 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:05,640 climate change that we are living through 1384 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:05,880 through right 1385 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:06,160 through right now. 1386 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:06,400 through right now. The 1387 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:06,640 through right now. The pace 1388 00:10:06,640 --> 00:10:06,920 through right now. The pace of 1389 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:07,240 through right now. The pace of that 1390 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,560 through right now. The pace of that change. 1391 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:10,760 change. NASA's 1392 00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:10,960 NASA's data 1393 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:11,240 NASA's data is 1394 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:11,480 NASA's data is not 1395 00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:11,760 NASA's data is not the 1396 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:12,040 NASA's data is not the only 1397 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:12,280 NASA's data is not the only evidence 1398 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:12,560 evidence that 1399 00:10:12,560 --> 00:10:12,800 evidence that our 1400 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:13,000 evidence that our climate 1401 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:13,200 evidence that our climate is 1402 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:13,600 evidence that our climate is warming 1403 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:13,800 warming rapidly, 1404 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:14,000 warming rapidly, and 1405 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:14,240 warming rapidly, and that 1406 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:14,480 warming rapidly, and that we're 1407 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:14,680 warming rapidly, and that we're causing 1408 00:10:14,680 --> 00:10:15,040 causing the 1409 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:18,520 causing the change. 1410 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:18,800 causing the change. There 1411 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:19,080 causing the change. There is 1412 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:19,360 causing the change. There is also 1413 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:19,560 causing the change. There is also several 1414 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:19,840 several decades 1415 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:20,080 several decades of 1416 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:20,320 several decades of research 1417 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:20,680 several decades of research from 1418 00:10:20,680 --> 00:10:20,920 several decades of research from scientists 1419 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:21,120 scientists across 1420 00:10:21,120 --> 00:10:21,320 scientists across the 1421 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:31,320 scientists across the globe. 1422 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:32,080 scientists across the globe. The 1423 00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:32,720 scientists across the globe. The extent 1424 00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:32,920 extent of 1425 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:33,120 extent of the 1426 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:33,320 extent of the data 1427 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:33,520 extent of the data suggests 1428 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:34,120 extent of the data suggests we 1429 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:34,320 extent of the data suggests we should 1430 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:34,520 should have 1431 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:34,720 should have a 1432 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:34,920 should have a lot 1433 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:35,560 should have a lot of 1434 00:10:35,560 --> 00:10:35,760 should have a lot of confidence 1435 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:36,000 should have a lot of confidence in 1436 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:36,160 should have a lot of confidence in this 1437 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:38,920 this idea. 1438 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:39,160 this idea. Yet, 1439 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:39,400 this idea. Yet, this 1440 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:39,600 this idea. Yet, this evidence 1441 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:40,000 this idea. Yet, this evidence is 1442 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:40,240 this idea. Yet, this evidence is clearly 1443 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:40,440 clearly not 1444 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:40,600 clearly not convincing 1445 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:40,840 clearly not convincing many 1446 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:41,080 clearly not convincing many of 1447 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:41,440 clearly not convincing many of the 1448 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:41,640 clearly not convincing many of the wider 1449 00:10:41,640 --> 00:10:41,880 wider public. 1450 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:42,120 wider public. And 1451 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:42,400 wider public. And those 1452 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:42,640 wider public. And those who 1453 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:42,960 wider public. And those who are 1454 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:43,200 wider public. And those who are sceptical 1455 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:43,480 sceptical turn 1456 00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:43,680 sceptical turn to 1457 00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:43,880 sceptical turn to other 1458 00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:49,800 sceptical turn to other scientists. 1459 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:49,960 sceptical turn to other scientists. There 1460 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:50,160 There is 1461 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:50,440 There is no 1462 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:50,680 There is no scientific 1463 00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:50,960 There is no scientific evidence 1464 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:51,240 There is no scientific evidence that 1465 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:51,480 that greenhouse 1466 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:51,760 that greenhouse warming 1467 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:52,000 that greenhouse warming is 1468 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:52,200 that greenhouse warming is occurring, 1469 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:52,400 occurring, or 1470 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:52,800 occurring, or if 1471 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:53,000 occurring, or if it 1472 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:53,200 occurring, or if it is 1473 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:53,440 occurring, or if it is that 1474 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:53,640 occurring, or if it is that it 1475 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:53,920 occurring, or if it is that it would 1476 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:54,240 would lead 1477 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:54,440 would lead to 1478 00:10:54,440 --> 00:11:00,360 would lead to disaster. 1479 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:00,600 would lead to disaster. We 1480 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:00,840 would lead to disaster. We see 1481 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:01,080 would lead to disaster. We see no 1482 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:01,400 would lead to disaster. We see no evidence 1483 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:01,640 evidence in 1484 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:01,920 evidence in the 1485 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:02,160 evidence in the climate 1486 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:02,360 evidence in the climate record 1487 00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:02,600 evidence in the climate record that 1488 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:02,960 evidence in the climate record that the 1489 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:03,160 the increase 1490 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:03,360 the increase in 1491 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:03,560 the increase in CO2, 1492 00:11:03,560 --> 00:11:03,800 the increase in CO2, which 1493 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:04,080 the increase in CO2, which is 1494 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:04,440 the increase in CO2, which is real, 1495 00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:04,640 the increase in CO2, which is real, will 1496 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:04,880 will make 1497 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:05,200 will make any 1498 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:05,440 will make any appreciable 1499 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:05,600 will make any appreciable difference 1500 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:05,800 difference in 1501 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:06,200 difference in the 1502 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:10,360 difference in the climate. 1503 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:10,600 difference in the climate. Professor 1504 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:10,880 Professor Fred 1505 00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:11,120 Professor Fred Singer 1506 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:11,400 Professor Fred Singer has 1507 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:11,680 Professor Fred Singer has a 1508 00:11:11,680 --> 00:11:11,920 Professor Fred Singer has a reputation 1509 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:12,120 reputation as 1510 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:12,320 reputation as one 1511 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:12,520 reputation as one of 1512 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:12,920 reputation as one of the 1513 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:13,160 reputation as one of the world's 1514 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:13,320 reputation as one of the world's most 1515 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:13,600 most prominent 1516 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:13,800 most prominent and 1517 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:14,080 most prominent and prolific 1518 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:14,400 most prominent and prolific climate 1519 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:23,480 most prominent and prolific climate sceptics. 1520 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:23,720 sceptics. He 1521 00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:23,960 sceptics. He is 1522 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:24,200 sceptics. He is an 1523 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:24,520 sceptics. He is an atmospheric 1524 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:24,800 sceptics. He is an atmospheric physicist 1525 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:25,080 physicist who 1526 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:25,280 physicist who has 1527 00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:25,520 physicist who has been 1528 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:25,760 physicist who has been battling 1529 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:26,120 physicist who has been battling against 1530 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:26,320 against the 1531 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:26,520 against the consensus 1532 00:11:26,520 --> 00:11:26,720 against the consensus view 1533 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:26,960 against the consensus view for 1534 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:27,240 against the consensus view for over 1535 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:27,520 against the consensus view for over 1536 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:27,760 20 years. 1537 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:28,040 20 years. Professor 1538 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:28,280 20 years. Professor Singer's 1539 00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:28,560 20 years. Professor Singer's views 1540 00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:28,760 20 years. Professor Singer's views influence 1541 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:29,080 influence sceptics 1542 00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:29,320 influence sceptics all 1543 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:29,560 influence sceptics all over 1544 00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:29,800 influence sceptics all over the 1545 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:33,640 influence sceptics all over the world. 1546 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:33,840 world. Dr 1547 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:34,240 world. Dr Singer, 1548 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:34,440 world. Dr Singer, I'm 1549 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:34,640 world. Dr Singer, I'm Paul 1550 00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:38,920 world. Dr Singer, I'm Paul Nurse. 1551 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:39,120 world. Dr Singer, I'm Paul Nurse. Very 1552 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:39,320 Very pleased 1553 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:39,520 Very pleased to 1554 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:39,920 Very pleased to meet 1555 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:41,560 Very pleased to meet you. 1556 00:11:41,560 --> 00:11:41,800 Very pleased to meet you. Delighted 1557 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:42,040 Very pleased to meet you. Delighted to 1558 00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:42,280 to meet 1559 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:42,560 to meet you 1560 00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:42,840 to meet you finally. 1561 00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:43,080 to meet you finally. Come 1562 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:43,280 to meet you finally. Come and 1563 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:43,600 to meet you finally. Come and sit 1564 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:43,880 to meet you finally. Come and sit down. 1565 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:44,120 down. Can 1566 00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:44,360 down. Can we 1567 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:44,600 down. Can we have 1568 00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:44,800 down. Can we have an 1569 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:45,000 down. Can we have an earl 1570 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:45,400 down. Can we have an earl grey 1571 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:45,640 down. Can we have an earl grey tea 1572 00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:45,840 down. Can we have an earl grey tea with 1573 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:48,680 with milk? 1574 00:11:48,680 --> 00:11:48,920 with milk? Here's 1575 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:49,200 with milk? Here's your 1576 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:56,000 with milk? Here's your tea. 1577 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:56,280 with milk? Here's your tea. Thank 1578 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:56,520 with milk? Here's your tea. Thank you 1579 00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:56,600 you very 1580 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,240 you very much. 1581 00:11:59,240 --> 00:11:59,440 you very much. They 1582 00:11:59,440 --> 00:11:59,840 you very much. They really 1583 00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:00,040 you very much. They really don't 1584 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:00,240 you very much. They really don't know 1585 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:00,520 know how 1586 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:00,760 know how to 1587 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:01,000 know how to do 1588 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:01,280 know how to do tea 1589 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:01,560 know how to do tea in 1590 00:12:01,560 --> 00:12:01,840 know how to do tea in New 1591 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:02,080 know how to do tea in New York. 1592 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:02,320 know how to do tea in New York. The 1593 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:02,480 know how to do tea in New York. The water 1594 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:02,680 water isn't 1595 00:12:02,680 --> 00:12:03,080 water isn't hot 1596 00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:04,520 water isn't hot enough. 1597 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:04,720 water isn't hot enough. God, 1598 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:04,920 water isn't hot enough. God, I 1599 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:05,240 water isn't hot enough. God, I hate 1600 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:10,000 water isn't hot enough. God, I hate that. 1601 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:10,200 that. We 1602 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:10,440 that. We suffer 1603 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:11,840 that. We suffer that. 1604 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:12,040 that. We suffer that. The 1605 00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:12,440 that. We suffer that. The first 1606 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:12,640 that. We suffer that. The first thing 1607 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:12,840 thing I 1608 00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:13,040 thing I wanted 1609 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:13,240 thing I wanted to 1610 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:13,640 thing I wanted to ask 1611 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:13,880 thing I wanted to ask Professor 1612 00:12:13,880 --> 00:12:14,040 thing I wanted to ask Professor Singer 1613 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:14,320 Singer was 1614 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:14,560 Singer was his 1615 00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:14,840 Singer was his views 1616 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:15,080 Singer was his views on 1617 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:15,400 Singer was his views on global 1618 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:15,640 Singer was his views on global temperatures. 1619 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:15,880 temperatures. You 1620 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:16,080 temperatures. You are 1621 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:16,280 temperatures. You are happy, 1622 00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:16,520 temperatures. You are happy, or 1623 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:16,920 temperatures. You are happy, or agree, 1624 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:17,120 agree, that 1625 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:17,320 agree, that there 1626 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:17,560 agree, that there has 1627 00:12:17,560 --> 00:12:17,800 agree, that there has been 1628 00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:18,080 agree, that there has been warming 1629 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:18,360 agree, that there has been warming in 1630 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:18,600 in the 1631 00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:18,840 in the last 1632 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:19,080 in the last century? 1633 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:19,320 in the last century? Some 1634 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:19,560 in the last century? Some warming. 1635 00:12:19,560 --> 00:12:19,920 in the last century? Some warming. Under 1636 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:20,160 Under one 1637 00:12:20,160 --> 00:12:20,360 Under one degree, 1638 00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:20,560 Under one degree, 0.7 1639 00:12:20,560 --> 00:12:20,760 Under one degree, 0.7 degrees, 1640 00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:21,080 Under one degree, 0.7 degrees, I 1641 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:21,360 Under one degree, 0.7 degrees, I think 1642 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:21,560 think I've 1643 00:12:21,560 --> 00:12:21,800 think I've read. 1644 00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:22,080 think I've read. Something 1645 00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:22,320 think I've read. Something of 1646 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:22,600 think I've read. Something of that 1647 00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:22,920 think I've read. Something of that sort. 1648 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:23,160 sort. Something 1649 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:23,400 sort. Something of 1650 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:23,600 sort. Something of that 1651 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:23,800 sort. Something of that sort. 1652 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:24,000 sort. Something of that sort. There 1653 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:24,440 sort. Something of that sort. There is 1654 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:24,640 is warming 1655 00:12:24,640 --> 00:12:24,840 is warming and 1656 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:25,120 is warming and it 1657 00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:25,320 is warming and it has 1658 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:25,560 is warming and it has been 1659 00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:25,840 is warming and it has been cooling, 1660 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:26,160 is warming and it has been cooling, and 1661 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:26,360 and then 1662 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:26,600 and then it 1663 00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:26,840 and then it has 1664 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:27,080 and then it has been 1665 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:27,240 and then it has been warming 1666 00:12:27,240 --> 00:12:27,680 and then it has been warming again. 1667 00:12:27,680 --> 00:12:27,880 and then it has been warming again. It 1668 00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:28,080 It is 1669 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:28,280 It is not 1670 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:28,560 It is not a 1671 00:12:28,560 --> 00:12:28,760 It is not a clear 1672 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:29,520 It is not a clear record. 1673 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:29,680 It is not a clear record. But 1674 00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:30,120 But where 1675 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:30,320 But where he 1676 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:30,520 But where he differs 1677 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:30,760 But where he differs from 1678 00:12:30,760 --> 00:12:31,120 But where he differs from the 1679 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:31,360 But where he differs from the view 1680 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:31,600 But where he differs from the view of 1681 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:31,800 of the 1682 00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:32,080 of the vast 1683 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:32,320 of the vast majority 1684 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:32,640 of the vast majority of 1685 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:32,920 of the vast majority of climate 1686 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:33,160 of the vast majority of climate scientists 1687 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:33,360 scientists is 1688 00:12:33,360 --> 00:12:33,560 scientists is the 1689 00:12:33,560 --> 00:12:33,760 scientists is the cause 1690 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:34,160 scientists is the cause of 1691 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:34,360 scientists is the cause of this 1692 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:35,000 scientists is the cause of this warming. 1693 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:35,200 warming. He 1694 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:35,400 warming. He does 1695 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:35,640 warming. He does not 1696 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:35,920 warming. He does not believe 1697 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:36,240 warming. He does not believe that 1698 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:36,440 warming. He does not believe that humans 1699 00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:36,680 humans are 1700 00:12:36,680 --> 00:12:37,520 humans are responsible. 1701 00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:37,800 humans are responsible. He 1702 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:38,040 humans are responsible. He attributes 1703 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:38,240 attributes it 1704 00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:38,600 attributes it to 1705 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:38,840 attributes it to natural 1706 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:42,320 attributes it to natural forces. 1707 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:42,680 attributes it to natural forces. I 1708 00:12:42,680 --> 00:12:42,920 I am 1709 00:12:42,920 --> 00:12:43,120 I am of 1710 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:43,320 I am of the 1711 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:43,520 I am of the opinion 1712 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:43,920 I am of the opinion that 1713 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:44,120 I am of the opinion that the 1714 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:44,360 I am of the opinion that the major 1715 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:44,600 I am of the opinion that the major natural 1716 00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:44,840 natural effect 1717 00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:45,080 natural effect comes 1718 00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:45,440 natural effect comes from 1719 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:45,640 natural effect comes from the 1720 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:45,960 natural effect comes from the sun, 1721 00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:46,160 natural effect comes from the sun, and 1722 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:46,360 and specifically 1723 00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:46,560 and specifically from 1724 00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:46,960 and specifically from variations 1725 00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:47,160 and specifically from variations in 1726 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:47,360 and specifically from variations in it 1727 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:47,560 it where 1728 00:12:47,560 --> 00:12:47,800 it where it 1729 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:48,120 it where it is 1730 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:48,400 it where it is called 1731 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:48,640 it where it is called solar 1732 00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:54,080 it where it is called solar activity. 1733 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:54,440 activity. That 1734 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:54,680 activity. That is 1735 00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:54,880 activity. That is not 1736 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:55,080 activity. That is not the 1737 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:55,320 activity. That is not the total 1738 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:55,560 activity. That is not the total radiation 1739 00:12:55,560 --> 00:12:55,920 radiation from 1740 00:12:55,920 --> 00:12:56,080 radiation from the 1741 00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:56,360 radiation from the sun, 1742 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:56,600 radiation from the sun, but 1743 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:56,880 radiation from the sun, but it 1744 00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:57,120 radiation from the sun, but it is 1745 00:12:57,120 --> 00:12:57,440 radiation from the sun, but it is the 1746 00:12:57,440 --> 00:12:57,680 the emission 1747 00:12:57,680 --> 00:12:57,920 the emission from 1748 00:12:57,920 --> 00:12:58,120 the emission from the 1749 00:12:58,120 --> 00:12:58,320 the emission from the sun 1750 00:12:58,320 --> 00:12:58,560 the emission from the sun we 1751 00:12:58,560 --> 00:12:58,960 the emission from the sun we call 1752 00:12:58,960 --> 00:12:59,160 the emission from the sun we call coronal 1753 00:12:59,160 --> 00:12:59,360 coronal ejections, 1754 00:12:59,360 --> 00:12:59,600 coronal ejections, which 1755 00:12:59,600 --> 00:12:59,840 coronal ejections, which produce 1756 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:00,120 coronal ejections, which produce the 1757 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:00,360 the solar 1758 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:10,920 the solar wind. 1759 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:11,120 the solar wind. And 1760 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:11,520 the solar wind. And the 1761 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:11,760 the solar wind. And the solar 1762 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:11,960 the solar wind. And the solar wind 1763 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:12,160 the solar wind. And the solar wind is 1764 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:12,560 is a 1765 00:13:12,560 --> 00:13:12,760 is a particle 1766 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:12,960 is a particle streaming 1767 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:13,160 is a particle streaming from 1768 00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:13,440 is a particle streaming from the 1769 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:13,680 is a particle streaming from the sun, 1770 00:13:13,680 --> 00:13:13,960 sun, it 1771 00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:14,240 sun, it pervades 1772 00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:14,480 sun, it pervades interplanetary 1773 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:14,760 sun, it pervades interplanetary space 1774 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:15,000 space and 1775 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:15,200 space and can 1776 00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:15,400 space and can effect 1777 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:15,800 space and can effect a 1778 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:16,040 space and can effect a situation 1779 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:16,200 space and can effect a situation near 1780 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:16,440 near the 1781 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:18,880 near the earth. 1782 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:19,240 near the earth. A 1783 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:19,480 A record 1784 00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:19,680 A record of 1785 00:13:19,680 --> 00:13:19,880 A record of this 1786 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:20,080 A record of this solar 1787 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:20,400 A record of this solar activity 1788 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:20,680 A record of this solar activity can 1789 00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:20,920 A record of this solar activity can be 1790 00:13:20,920 --> 00:13:21,120 be read 1791 00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:21,400 be read from 1792 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:21,680 be read from deposits 1793 00:13:21,680 --> 00:13:21,920 be read from deposits in 1794 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:22,200 be read from deposits in caves 1795 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:22,480 be read from deposits in caves by 1796 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:22,720 be read from deposits in caves by measuring 1797 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:22,920 measuring the 1798 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:23,120 measuring the level 1799 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:23,320 measuring the level of 1800 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:23,560 measuring the level of a 1801 00:13:23,560 --> 00:13:23,920 measuring the level of a type 1802 00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:24,160 measuring the level of a type of 1803 00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:24,400 measuring the level of a type of carbon 1804 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:24,640 carbon atom 1805 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:24,880 carbon atom created 1806 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:25,160 carbon atom created by 1807 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:25,400 carbon atom created by the 1808 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:25,720 carbon atom created by the sun's 1809 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:25,920 carbon atom created by the sun's rays. 1810 00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:26,160 rays. The 1811 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:26,360 The good 1812 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:26,560 The good evidence 1813 00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:26,800 The good evidence we 1814 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:27,200 The good evidence we have 1815 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:27,400 The good evidence we have comes 1816 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:27,640 The good evidence we have comes from 1817 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:27,880 from stalagmites 1818 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:28,120 from stalagmites in 1819 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:28,360 from stalagmites in caves, 1820 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:28,680 from stalagmites in caves, but 1821 00:13:28,680 --> 00:13:28,960 from stalagmites in caves, but it 1822 00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:29,200 from stalagmites in caves, but it is 1823 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:29,400 is published 1824 00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:29,600 is published in 1825 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,480 is published in Nature. 1826 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:33,840 is published in Nature. But 1827 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:34,120 is published in Nature. But there 1828 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:34,280 is published in Nature. But there is 1829 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:34,480 is a 1830 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:34,680 is a correlation, 1831 00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:34,960 is a correlation, so 1832 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:35,240 is a correlation, so if 1833 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:35,520 is a correlation, so if you 1834 00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:35,760 is a correlation, so if you look 1835 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:36,040 is a correlation, so if you look at 1836 00:13:36,040 --> 00:13:36,240 is a correlation, so if you look at these 1837 00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:36,480 these estimates 1838 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:36,720 these estimates of 1839 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:37,040 these estimates of solar 1840 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:37,320 these estimates of solar activity 1841 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:37,520 these estimates of solar activity and 1842 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:37,760 and the 1843 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:37,960 and the temperature 1844 00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:38,160 and the temperature of 1845 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:38,560 and the temperature of the 1846 00:13:38,560 --> 00:13:38,800 and the temperature of the globe, 1847 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:39,000 and the temperature of the globe, they're 1848 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:39,240 they're well 1849 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:39,560 they're well correlated. 1850 00:13:39,560 --> 00:13:39,800 they're well correlated. You 1851 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:40,200 they're well correlated. You cannot 1852 00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:40,360 they're well correlated. You cannot say 1853 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:40,600 say the 1854 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:47,080 say the globe. 1855 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:47,280 say the globe. This 1856 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:47,680 say the globe. This refers 1857 00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:47,920 say the globe. This refers to 1858 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:48,120 say the globe. This refers to the 1859 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:48,360 say the globe. This refers to the local 1860 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:48,640 local measurements 1861 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:48,880 local measurements in 1862 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:49,200 local measurements in a 1863 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:49,440 local measurements in a cave 1864 00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:49,680 local measurements in a cave on 1865 00:13:49,680 --> 00:13:49,920 local measurements in a cave on the 1866 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:50,120 local measurements in a cave on the Arabian 1867 00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:52,960 Arabian peninsular. 1868 00:13:52,960 --> 00:13:53,160 Arabian peninsular. In 1869 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:53,400 In our 1870 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:53,600 In our conversation, 1871 00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:54,040 In our conversation, Professor 1872 00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:54,200 In our conversation, Professor Singer 1873 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:54,400 Singer drew 1874 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:54,600 Singer drew on 1875 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:54,840 Singer drew on this 1876 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:55,120 Singer drew on this stalagmite 1877 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:55,440 Singer drew on this stalagmite evidence 1878 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:55,680 evidence to 1879 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:55,920 evidence to support 1880 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:56,160 evidence to support his 1881 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:56,440 evidence to support his conclusions 1882 00:13:56,440 --> 00:13:56,640 evidence to support his conclusions about 1883 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:57,040 about solar 1884 00:13:57,040 --> 00:14:05,760 about solar activity. 1885 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:06,000 about solar activity. But 1886 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:06,200 about solar activity. But it 1887 00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:06,440 about solar activity. But it is 1888 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:06,800 about solar activity. But it is important 1889 00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:07,000 important to 1890 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:07,200 important to consider 1891 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:07,480 important to consider how 1892 00:14:07,480 --> 00:14:07,760 important to consider how this 1893 00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:07,960 important to consider how this specific 1894 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:08,280 specific finding 1895 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:08,600 specific finding fits 1896 00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:08,800 specific finding fits into 1897 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:09,040 specific finding fits into the 1898 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:09,240 specific finding fits into the wider 1899 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:09,440 wider body 1900 00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:09,840 wider body of 1901 00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:23,400 wider body of evidence. 1902 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:23,640 wider body of evidence. An 1903 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:23,840 wider body of evidence. An important 1904 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:24,040 important aspect 1905 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:24,280 important aspect of 1906 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:24,520 important aspect of science 1907 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:24,880 important aspect of science is 1908 00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:25,080 important aspect of science is it 1909 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:25,320 important aspect of science is it makes 1910 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:25,520 makes sense 1911 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:25,800 makes sense as 1912 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:26,080 makes sense as a 1913 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:26,320 makes sense as a whole. 1914 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:26,640 makes sense as a whole. Just 1915 00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:26,880 makes sense as a whole. Just imagine 1916 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:27,120 imagine this 1917 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:27,320 imagine this field 1918 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:27,520 imagine this field of 1919 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:27,920 imagine this field of grasses 1920 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:28,160 imagine this field of grasses and 1921 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:28,320 imagine this field of grasses and plants 1922 00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:28,520 plants that 1923 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:28,760 plants that we 1924 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:29,040 plants that we see 1925 00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:29,320 plants that we see here, 1926 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:29,600 plants that we see here, imagine 1927 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:29,840 plants that we see here, imagine it 1928 00:14:29,840 --> 00:14:30,120 plants that we see here, imagine it as 1929 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:30,320 as a 1930 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:30,560 as a scientific 1931 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:30,880 as a scientific field, 1932 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:31,160 as a scientific field, imagine 1933 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:31,360 as a scientific field, imagine that 1934 00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:31,560 as a scientific field, imagine that we're 1935 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:31,760 we're looking 1936 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:32,000 we're looking at 1937 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:32,400 we're looking at a 1938 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:32,600 we're looking at a lot 1939 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:32,800 we're looking at a lot of 1940 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:33,040 we're looking at a lot of ideas 1941 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:33,320 we're looking at a lot of ideas or 1942 00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:33,600 we're looking at a lot of ideas or a 1943 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:33,880 a lot 1944 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:34,120 a lot of 1945 00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:34,400 a lot of facts 1946 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:34,600 a lot of facts or 1947 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:38,200 a lot of facts or observations. 1948 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:38,440 a lot of facts or observations. You 1949 00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:38,720 a lot of facts or observations. You have 1950 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:38,960 have to 1951 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:39,240 have to look 1952 00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:39,480 have to look at 1953 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:39,680 have to look at each 1954 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:39,920 have to look at each one 1955 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:40,280 have to look at each one of 1956 00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:40,520 have to look at each one of them 1957 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:40,720 have to look at each one of them and 1958 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:40,920 and make 1959 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:41,120 and make sure 1960 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:41,400 and make sure they 1961 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:41,760 and make sure they make 1962 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:42,000 and make sure they make sense 1963 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:42,200 and make sure they make sense together. 1964 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:42,480 together. It's 1965 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:42,720 together. It's no 1966 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:42,960 together. It's no good 1967 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:43,280 together. It's no good cherry- 1968 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:43,520 together. It's no good cherry- picking 1969 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:43,760 picking one 1970 00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:43,960 picking one part 1971 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:44,160 picking one part of 1972 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:44,360 picking one part of it 1973 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:44,760 picking one part of it and 1974 00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:45,000 picking one part of it and just 1975 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:45,200 picking one part of it and just basing 1976 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:45,440 basing your 1977 00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:45,680 basing your argument 1978 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:45,920 basing your argument on 1979 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:46,200 basing your argument on that. 1980 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:46,520 basing your argument on that. Just 1981 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:46,720 basing your argument on that. Just look 1982 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:47,000 look at 1983 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:47,200 look at this 1984 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:47,440 look at this tree 1985 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:47,800 look at this tree here. 1986 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:48,040 look at this tree here. It 1987 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:48,240 look at this tree here. It attracts 1988 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:48,440 look at this tree here. It attracts your 1989 00:14:48,440 --> 00:14:48,680 your attention, 1990 00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:48,920 your attention, but 1991 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:49,240 your attention, but if 1992 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:49,440 your attention, but if you 1993 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:49,760 your attention, but if you just 1994 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:49,920 your attention, but if you just concentrate 1995 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:50,240 concentrate on 1996 00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:50,480 concentrate on that 1997 00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:50,680 concentrate on that and 1998 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:51,080 concentrate on that and ignore 1999 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:51,280 concentrate on that and ignore everything 2000 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:51,480 everything else 2001 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:51,680 everything else then 2002 00:14:51,680 --> 00:14:51,920 everything else then you're 2003 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:52,120 everything else then you're not 2004 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:52,520 everything else then you're not going 2005 00:14:52,520 --> 00:14:52,680 going to 2006 00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:52,920 going to make 2007 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:53,200 going to make progress, 2008 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:53,480 going to make progress, you're 2009 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:53,720 going to make progress, you're not 2010 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:54,000 going to make progress, you're not going 2011 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:54,240 going to 2012 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:54,520 going to make 2013 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:54,720 going to make sense 2014 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:54,960 going to make sense of 2015 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:55,160 going to make sense of what's 2016 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:55,560 going to make sense of what's going 2017 00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:56,160 going to make sense of what's going on. 2018 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:56,360 on. In 2019 00:14:56,360 --> 00:14:56,560 In the 2020 00:14:56,560 --> 00:14:56,800 In the climate 2021 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:57,160 In the climate debate, 2022 00:14:57,160 --> 00:14:57,400 In the climate debate, some 2023 00:14:57,400 --> 00:14:57,600 In the climate debate, some have 2024 00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:57,840 In the climate debate, some have placed 2025 00:14:57,840 --> 00:14:58,040 placed a 2026 00:14:58,040 --> 00:14:58,360 placed a lot 2027 00:14:58,360 --> 00:14:58,640 placed a lot of 2028 00:14:58,640 --> 00:14:58,920 placed a lot of emphasis 2029 00:14:58,920 --> 00:14:59,160 placed a lot of emphasis on 2030 00:14:59,160 --> 00:14:59,400 placed a lot of emphasis on the 2031 00:14:59,400 --> 00:14:59,600 placed a lot of emphasis on the evidence 2032 00:14:59,600 --> 00:14:59,840 evidence of 2033 00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:00,200 evidence of solar 2034 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:00,440 evidence of solar activity, 2035 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:00,600 evidence of solar activity, but 2036 00:15:00,600 --> 00:15:00,840 evidence of solar activity, but this 2037 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:01,080 this data 2038 00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:01,360 this data needs 2039 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:01,640 this data needs to 2040 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:01,920 this data needs to be 2041 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:02,160 this data needs to be looked 2042 00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:02,440 this data needs to be looked at 2043 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:02,680 this data needs to be looked at in 2044 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:02,840 this data needs to be looked at in the 2045 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:03,040 the context 2046 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:03,280 the context of 2047 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:03,680 the context of all 2048 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,000 the context of all research. 2049 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:07,280 the context of all research. You 2050 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:07,520 the context of all research. You cannot 2051 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:07,800 cannot ignore 2052 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:08,080 cannot ignore the 2053 00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:08,320 cannot ignore the majority 2054 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:08,560 cannot ignore the majority of 2055 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:08,760 cannot ignore the majority of available 2056 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:08,960 available evidence, 2057 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:09,360 available evidence, in 2058 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:09,560 available evidence, in favour 2059 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:09,760 available evidence, in favour of 2060 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:10,000 available evidence, in favour of something 2061 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:10,200 something you 2062 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:10,480 something you would 2063 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:10,760 something you would prefer 2064 00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:11,040 something you would prefer to 2065 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:11,320 something you would prefer to be 2066 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:18,120 something you would prefer to be true. 2067 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:18,360 true. Data 2068 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:18,680 true. Data that 2069 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:18,920 true. Data that we 2070 00:15:18,920 --> 00:15:19,200 true. Data that we are 2071 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:19,440 true. Data that we are not 2072 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:19,800 true. Data that we are not warming 2073 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:20,000 true. Data that we are not warming our 2074 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:20,280 our planet 2075 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:20,520 our planet needs 2076 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:20,720 our planet needs to 2077 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:20,920 our planet needs to be 2078 00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:21,120 our planet needs to be placed 2079 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:21,560 our planet needs to be placed in 2080 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:21,760 our planet needs to be placed in the 2081 00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:21,960 the context 2082 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:22,160 the context of 2083 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:22,400 the context of the 2084 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:22,680 the context of the greater 2085 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:23,000 the context of the greater body 2086 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:23,240 the context of the greater body of 2087 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:23,480 the context of the greater body of evidence 2088 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:23,720 evidence that 2089 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:24,000 evidence that we 2090 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:24,200 evidence that we are, 2091 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:24,560 evidence that we are, such 2092 00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:24,800 evidence that we are, such as 2093 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:25,000 evidence that we are, such as that 2094 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:25,200 evidence that we are, such as that gathered 2095 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:25,400 gathered by 2096 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:27,840 gathered by NASA. 2097 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:28,040 gathered by NASA. When 2098 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:28,280 When you 2099 00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:28,520 When you actually 2100 00:15:28,520 --> 00:15:28,840 When you actually look 2101 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:29,080 When you actually look at 2102 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:29,320 When you actually look at the 2103 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:29,600 When you actually look at the data, 2104 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:29,840 When you actually look at the data, the 2105 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:30,080 the sun 2106 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:30,360 the sun doesn't 2107 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:30,640 the sun doesn't turn 2108 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:30,880 the sun doesn't turn out 2109 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:31,080 the sun doesn't turn out to 2110 00:15:31,080 --> 00:15:31,280 the sun doesn't turn out to be 2111 00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:31,520 the sun doesn't turn out to be that 2112 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:32,720 the sun doesn't turn out to be that important. 2113 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:32,920 important. On 2114 00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:33,160 important. On the 2115 00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:33,440 important. On the historical 2116 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:33,720 important. On the historical scale, 2117 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:34,040 important. On the historical scale, the 2118 00:15:34,040 --> 00:15:34,240 the paleoclimate 2119 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:34,520 the paleoclimate scale, 2120 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:34,760 the paleoclimate scale, the 2121 00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:34,960 the paleoclimate scale, the sun 2122 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:35,160 the paleoclimate scale, the sun is 2123 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:35,560 the paleoclimate scale, the sun is important. 2124 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:35,760 important. We 2125 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:35,960 important. We know 2126 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:36,160 important. We know the 2127 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:36,400 important. We know the sun 2128 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:36,680 important. We know the sun is 2129 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:37,000 important. We know the sun is driving 2130 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:37,200 driving these 2131 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:37,480 driving these long 2132 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:38,200 driving these long cycles. 2133 00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:38,600 driving these long cycles. But 2134 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:38,800 driving these long cycles. But if 2135 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:39,000 driving these long cycles. But if you 2136 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:39,200 you look 2137 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:39,400 you look at 2138 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:39,680 you look at the 2139 00:15:39,680 --> 00:15:40,000 you look at the small 2140 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:40,280 you look at the small variations 2141 00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:40,520 you look at the small variations in 2142 00:15:40,520 --> 00:15:40,760 you look at the small variations in the 2143 00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:41,000 the solar 2144 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:41,240 the solar radiation 2145 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:41,520 the solar radiation and 2146 00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:41,840 the solar radiation and the 2147 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:42,040 the solar radiation and the variations 2148 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:42,240 variations in 2149 00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:42,480 variations in the 2150 00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:42,680 variations in the climate 2151 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:43,080 variations in the climate data 2152 00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:43,280 variations in the climate data that 2153 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:43,480 variations in the climate data that we 2154 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:43,720 we have 2155 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:44,000 we have now, 2156 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:44,160 we have now, with 2157 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:44,520 we have now, with these 2158 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:44,760 we have now, with these data 2159 00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:45,040 we have now, with these data sets, 2160 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:45,280 we have now, with these data sets, they 2161 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:45,520 they don't 2162 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:45,720 they don't match 2163 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:48,360 they don't match up. 2164 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:48,560 they don't match up. So 2165 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:48,760 they don't match up. So there's 2166 00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:49,080 they don't match up. So there's just 2167 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:49,280 just no 2168 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:49,600 just no doubt 2169 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:49,840 just no doubt that 2170 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:50,080 just no doubt that the 2171 00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:50,360 just no doubt that the sun 2172 00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:50,600 just no doubt that the sun is 2173 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:50,920 just no doubt that the sun is not 2174 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:51,200 just no doubt that the sun is not a 2175 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:51,400 just no doubt that the sun is not a primary 2176 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:51,600 primary factor 2177 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:51,800 primary factor driving 2178 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:52,040 primary factor driving the 2179 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:52,280 primary factor driving the climate 2180 00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:52,600 primary factor driving the climate change 2181 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:52,840 change that 2182 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:53,080 change that we're 2183 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:53,360 change that we're living 2184 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:53,640 change that we're living through 2185 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:53,840 change that we're living through right 2186 00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:56,480 right now. 2187 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:56,680 right now. The 2188 00:15:56,680 --> 00:15:56,880 The scientific 2189 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:57,080 The scientific consensus 2190 00:15:57,080 --> 00:15:57,320 The scientific consensus is, 2191 00:15:57,320 --> 00:15:57,720 The scientific consensus is, of 2192 00:15:57,720 --> 00:15:57,880 The scientific consensus is, of course, 2193 00:15:57,880 --> 00:15:58,200 course, that 2194 00:15:58,200 --> 00:15:58,400 course, that the 2195 00:15:58,400 --> 00:15:58,680 course, that the changes 2196 00:15:58,680 --> 00:15:58,920 course, that the changes we 2197 00:15:58,920 --> 00:15:59,120 course, that the changes we are 2198 00:15:59,120 --> 00:15:59,480 course, that the changes we are seeing 2199 00:15:59,480 --> 00:15:59,720 seeing are 2200 00:15:59,720 --> 00:15:59,920 seeing are caused 2201 00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:00,120 seeing are caused by 2202 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:00,320 seeing are caused by emissions 2203 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:00,600 seeing are caused by emissions of 2204 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:00,960 seeing are caused by emissions of carbon 2205 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:01,160 carbon into 2206 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:01,400 carbon into the 2207 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:05,200 carbon into the atmosphere. 2208 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:05,400 carbon into the atmosphere. But 2209 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:05,600 carbon into the atmosphere. But given 2210 00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:05,840 given the 2211 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:06,240 given the complexity 2212 00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:06,440 given the complexity of 2213 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:06,640 given the complexity of the 2214 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:06,840 given the complexity of the climate 2215 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:07,040 given the complexity of the climate system, 2216 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:07,320 system, how 2217 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:07,640 system, how can 2218 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:07,880 system, how can we 2219 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:08,120 system, how can we be 2220 00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:08,400 system, how can we be sure 2221 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:08,680 system, how can we be sure that 2222 00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:08,880 system, how can we be sure that humans 2223 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:09,240 humans are 2224 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:09,440 humans are to 2225 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:09,680 humans are to blame 2226 00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:09,880 humans are to blame for 2227 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:11,720 humans are to blame for this? 2228 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:11,920 humans are to blame for this? We 2229 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:12,120 We know 2230 00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:12,320 We know how 2231 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:12,560 We know how much 2232 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:12,800 We know how much fossil 2233 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:13,160 We know how much fossil fuel 2234 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:13,400 We know how much fossil fuel we 2235 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:13,600 We know how much fossil fuel we take 2236 00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:13,880 take out 2237 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:14,120 take out of 2238 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:14,360 take out of the 2239 00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:16,160 take out of the ground. 2240 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:16,400 take out of the ground. We 2241 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:16,600 take out of the ground. We know 2242 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:16,800 take out of the ground. We know how 2243 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:17,000 take out of the ground. We know how much 2244 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:17,400 much we 2245 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:17,600 much we sell, 2246 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:17,800 much we sell, we 2247 00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:18,040 much we sell, we know 2248 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:18,320 much we sell, we know how 2249 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:18,560 much we sell, we know how much 2250 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:18,920 much we sell, we know how much we 2251 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:19,120 much we sell, we know how much we burn, 2252 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:19,400 burn, and 2253 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:19,640 burn, and that 2254 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:19,840 burn, and that is 2255 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:20,040 burn, and that is a 2256 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:20,440 burn, and that is a huge 2257 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:20,640 burn, and that is a huge amount 2258 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:20,840 burn, and that is a huge amount of 2259 00:16:20,840 --> 00:16:21,080 burn, and that is a huge amount of carbon 2260 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:21,280 carbon dioxide, 2261 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:21,520 carbon dioxide, it's 2262 00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:21,880 carbon dioxide, it's about 2263 00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:22,160 carbon dioxide, it's about 7GT 2264 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:22,400 carbon dioxide, it's about 7GT per 2265 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:22,640 carbon dioxide, it's about 7GT per year 2266 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:22,840 year right 2267 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:24,040 year right now. 2268 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:24,280 year right now. And 2269 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:24,520 year right now. And is 2270 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:24,840 year right now. And is that 2271 00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:25,120 year right now. And is that enough 2272 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:25,320 year right now. And is that enough to 2273 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:29,120 to explain... 2274 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:29,400 to explain... Natural 2275 00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:29,600 to explain... Natural causes 2276 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:29,800 to explain... Natural causes only 2277 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:30,200 to explain... Natural causes only can 2278 00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:30,400 can produce, 2279 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:30,600 can produce, there's 2280 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:30,840 can produce, there's volcanoes 2281 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:31,080 can produce, there's volcanoes popping 2282 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:31,320 popping off 2283 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:31,640 popping off and 2284 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:31,920 popping off and things 2285 00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:32,160 popping off and things like 2286 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:32,400 popping off and things like that 2287 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:32,640 popping off and things like that and 2288 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:32,840 and coming 2289 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:33,040 and coming out 2290 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:33,440 and coming out of 2291 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:33,640 and coming out of the 2292 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:33,840 and coming out of the ocean, 2293 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:34,080 and coming out of the ocean, only 2294 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:34,320 and coming out of the ocean, only about 2295 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:34,600 about 1GT 2296 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:34,880 about 1GT per 2297 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:35,160 about 1GT per year, 2298 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:35,400 about 1GT per year, so 2299 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:35,640 about 1GT per year, so there's 2300 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:35,920 about 1GT per year, so there's just 2301 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:36,080 about 1GT per year, so there's just no 2302 00:16:36,080 --> 00:16:36,400 no question 2303 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:36,680 no question that 2304 00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:36,920 no question that human 2305 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:37,120 no question that human activity 2306 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:37,320 no question that human activity is 2307 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:37,560 no question that human activity is producing 2308 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:37,920 producing a 2309 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:38,120 producing a massively 2310 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:38,360 producing a massively large 2311 00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:38,600 producing a massively large proportion 2312 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:38,840 proportion of 2313 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:39,120 proportion of the 2314 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:39,440 proportion of the carbon 2315 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:40,600 proportion of the carbon dioxide. 2316 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:40,800 proportion of the carbon dioxide. So 2317 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:41,080 So seven 2318 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:41,360 So seven times 2319 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:43,960 So seven times more? 2320 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:44,280 So seven times more? That's 2321 00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:44,840 So seven times more? That's right. 2322 00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:45,040 So seven times more? That's right. Why 2323 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:45,240 Why do 2324 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:45,600 Why do some 2325 00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:45,840 Why do some people 2326 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:46,040 Why do some people say 2327 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:46,240 Why do some people say that 2328 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:46,480 Why do some people say that isn't 2329 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:46,680 Why do some people say that isn't the 2330 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:47,040 the case? 2331 00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:47,280 the case? I 2332 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:47,520 the case? I don't 2333 00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:48,640 the case? I don't know. 2334 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:48,960 the case? I don't know. I 2335 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:49,200 the case? I don't know. I think 2336 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:49,480 the case? I don't know. I think they 2337 00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:49,680 they get 2338 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:50,000 they get worried 2339 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:50,320 they get worried about 2340 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:50,520 they get worried about the 2341 00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:50,720 they get worried about the details 2342 00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:50,920 they get worried about the details of 2343 00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:51,120 of the 2344 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:51,520 of the temperature 2345 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:51,720 of the temperature record, 2346 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:51,920 of the temperature record, or 2347 00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:52,160 of the temperature record, or the 2348 00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:52,440 of the temperature record, or the carbon 2349 00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:52,680 carbon dioxide 2350 00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:54,360 carbon dioxide record. 2351 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:54,560 carbon dioxide record. But 2352 00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:54,800 carbon dioxide record. But again, 2353 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:55,000 carbon dioxide record. But again, you 2354 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:55,400 you need 2355 00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:55,600 you need to 2356 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:55,800 you need to stand 2357 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:56,040 you need to stand back 2358 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:56,280 you need to stand back and 2359 00:16:56,280 --> 00:16:56,600 you need to stand back and look 2360 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:56,840 you need to stand back and look at 2361 00:16:56,840 --> 00:16:57,120 you need to stand back and look at the 2362 00:16:57,120 --> 00:16:57,360 the big 2363 00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:57,600 the big picture 2364 00:16:57,600 --> 00:16:57,840 the big picture and 2365 00:16:57,840 --> 00:16:58,040 the big picture and there 2366 00:16:58,040 --> 00:16:58,440 the big picture and there really 2367 00:16:58,440 --> 00:16:58,680 the big picture and there really is 2368 00:16:58,680 --> 00:16:58,840 the big picture and there really is no 2369 00:16:58,840 --> 00:16:59,040 no controversy 2370 00:16:59,040 --> 00:16:59,240 no controversy then 2371 00:16:59,240 --> 00:16:59,520 no controversy then if 2372 00:16:59,520 --> 00:16:59,840 no controversy then if you 2373 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:00,080 no controversy then if you do 2374 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:04,120 no controversy then if you do that. 2375 00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:04,320 no controversy then if you do that. In 2376 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:04,520 In this 2377 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:04,920 In this market 2378 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:05,120 In this market place 2379 00:17:05,120 --> 00:17:05,360 In this market place of 2380 00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:05,560 In this market place of ideas, 2381 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:05,800 In this market place of ideas, who 2382 00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:06,080 In this market place of ideas, who do 2383 00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:06,360 do you 2384 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:06,560 do you believe? 2385 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:06,880 do you believe? If 2386 00:17:06,880 --> 00:17:07,120 do you believe? If you're 2387 00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:07,360 do you believe? If you're not 2388 00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:07,560 do you believe? If you're not a 2389 00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:07,760 do you believe? If you're not a scientist, 2390 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:08,160 scientist, then 2391 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:08,400 scientist, then ultimately 2392 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:08,600 scientist, then ultimately it's 2393 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:08,800 scientist, then ultimately it's a 2394 00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:09,040 scientist, then ultimately it's a question 2395 00:17:09,040 --> 00:17:09,240 question of 2396 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:16,720 question of trust. 2397 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:16,920 question of trust. Despite 2398 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:17,160 question of trust. Despite the 2399 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:17,440 question of trust. Despite the weight 2400 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:17,640 weight of 2401 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:18,000 weight of evidence 2402 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:18,200 weight of evidence in 2403 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:18,480 weight of evidence in its 2404 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:18,760 weight of evidence in its favour, 2405 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:18,960 weight of evidence in its favour, the 2406 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:19,280 the theory 2407 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:19,560 the theory of 2408 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:19,760 the theory of man-made 2409 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:19,960 the theory of man-made climate 2410 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:20,160 the theory of man-made climate change 2411 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:20,360 change is 2412 00:17:20,360 --> 00:17:20,760 change is not 2413 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:21,000 change is not bringing 2414 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:21,200 change is not bringing a 2415 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:21,440 change is not bringing a large 2416 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:21,720 change is not bringing a large section 2417 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:21,960 section of 2418 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:22,200 section of the 2419 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:22,480 section of the public 2420 00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:22,760 section of the public with 2421 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:23,000 section of the public with it. 2422 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:23,240 section of the public with it. I 2423 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:23,400 section of the public with it. I think 2424 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:23,600 think some 2425 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:24,040 think some clues 2426 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:24,240 think some clues as 2427 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:24,440 think some clues as to 2428 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:24,640 think some clues as to why 2429 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:24,920 think some clues as to why may 2430 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:25,240 think some clues as to why may be 2431 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:25,440 think some clues as to why may be found 2432 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:25,720 found at 2433 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:25,960 found at the 2434 00:17:25,960 --> 00:17:26,240 found at the University 2435 00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:26,480 found at the University of 2436 00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:26,680 found at the University of East 2437 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:27,040 found at the University of East Anglia, 2438 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:27,280 Anglia, the 2439 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:27,480 Anglia, the scene 2440 00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:27,680 Anglia, the scene of 2441 00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:27,920 Anglia, the scene of Climategate, 2442 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:28,160 Anglia, the scene of Climategate, a 2443 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:28,400 Anglia, the scene of Climategate, a story 2444 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:28,720 story that 2445 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:28,960 story that broke 2446 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:29,240 story that broke in 2447 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:29,480 story that broke in November 2448 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:32,160 story that broke in November 2009. 2449 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:32,400 story that broke in November 2009. The 2450 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:32,640 The work 2451 00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:32,960 The work of 2452 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:33,200 The work of one 2453 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:33,480 The work of one of 2454 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:33,720 The work of one of the 2455 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:34,000 The work of one of the world's 2456 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:34,200 The work of one of the world's leading 2457 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:34,520 leading climate 2458 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:34,800 leading climate research 2459 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:35,000 leading climate research units 2460 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:35,240 leading climate research units at 2461 00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:35,400 leading climate research units at the 2462 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:35,640 the University 2463 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:36,000 the University of 2464 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:36,200 the University of East 2465 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:36,440 the University of East Anglia 2466 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:36,680 the University of East Anglia is 2467 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:37,000 the University of East Anglia is to 2468 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:37,240 the University of East Anglia is to come 2469 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:37,440 come under 2470 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:37,800 come under unprecedented 2471 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:42,520 come under unprecedented scrutiny. 2472 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:43,960 Thousands 2473 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:44,240 Thousands of 2474 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:44,480 Thousands of emails 2475 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:44,760 Thousands of emails were 2476 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:45,040 Thousands of emails were taken 2477 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:45,320 Thousands of emails were taken from 2478 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:45,560 Thousands of emails were taken from the 2479 00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:45,760 the computer 2480 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:45,960 the computer at 2481 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:46,160 the computer at the 2482 00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:46,600 the computer at the Climatic 2483 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:46,760 the computer at the Climatic Research 2484 00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:47,000 Research Unit 2485 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:47,240 Research Unit at 2486 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:47,440 Research Unit at the 2487 00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:47,720 Research Unit at the University 2488 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:48,040 Research Unit at the University of 2489 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:48,280 Research Unit at the University of East 2490 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:48,520 East Anglia 2491 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:48,800 East Anglia and 2492 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:49,000 East Anglia and posted 2493 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:57,360 East Anglia and posted online. 2494 00:17:57,360 --> 00:17:57,560 East Anglia and posted online. According 2495 00:17:57,560 --> 00:17:57,760 According to 2496 00:17:57,760 --> 00:17:57,960 According to the 2497 00:17:57,960 --> 00:17:58,360 According to the headlines, 2498 00:17:58,360 --> 00:17:58,560 According to the headlines, the 2499 00:17:58,560 --> 00:17:58,760 According to the headlines, the emails 2500 00:17:58,760 --> 00:17:59,040 emails contained 2501 00:17:59,040 --> 00:17:59,240 emails contained one 2502 00:17:59,240 --> 00:17:59,480 emails contained one of 2503 00:17:59,480 --> 00:17:59,760 emails contained one of the 2504 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:00,040 emails contained one of the worst 2505 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:00,280 emails contained one of the worst scientific 2506 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:00,560 scientific outrages 2507 00:18:00,560 --> 00:18:00,800 scientific outrages of 2508 00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:01,000 scientific outrages of all 2509 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,320 scientific outrages of all time. 2510 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:04,600 scientific outrages of all time. Just 2511 00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:04,800 Just look 2512 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:05,120 Just look here, 2513 00:18:05,120 --> 00:18:05,360 Just look here, Christopher 2514 00:18:05,360 --> 00:18:05,680 Just look here, Christopher Booker 2515 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:05,880 Just look here, Christopher Booker in 2516 00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:06,080 in the 2517 00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:06,280 in the Sunday 2518 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:07,600 in the Sunday Telegraph. 2519 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:07,880 in the Sunday Telegraph. "This 2520 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:08,120 in the Sunday Telegraph. "This is 2521 00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:08,320 in the Sunday Telegraph. "This is the 2522 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:08,680 the worst 2523 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:08,920 the worst scientific 2524 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:09,120 the worst scientific scandal 2525 00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:09,320 the worst scientific scandal of 2526 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:09,560 the worst scientific scandal of our 2527 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:11,560 the worst scientific scandal of our generation". 2528 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:11,840 generation". Here, 2529 00:18:11,840 --> 00:18:12,040 generation". Here, the 2530 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:12,360 generation". Here, the Daily 2531 00:18:12,360 --> 00:18:20,560 generation". Here, the Daily Express. 2532 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:20,840 Express. "Now 2533 00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:21,080 Express. "Now there 2534 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:21,440 Express. "Now there are 2535 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:21,680 Express. "Now there are lies, 2536 00:18:21,680 --> 00:18:21,920 Express. "Now there are lies, damned 2537 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:22,120 damned lies 2538 00:18:22,120 --> 00:18:22,320 damned lies and 2539 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:22,520 damned lies and global 2540 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:22,920 damned lies and global warming," 2541 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:23,120 damned lies and global warming," implying 2542 00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:23,360 implying that 2543 00:18:23,360 --> 00:18:23,560 implying that global 2544 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:23,800 implying that global warming 2545 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:24,080 implying that global warming is 2546 00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:24,360 implying that global warming is nothing 2547 00:18:24,360 --> 00:18:24,600 nothing but 2548 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:24,880 nothing but lies 2549 00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:25,120 nothing but lies and 2550 00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:25,360 nothing but lies and a 2551 00:18:25,360 --> 00:18:25,560 nothing but lies and a sham. 2552 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:25,760 nothing but lies and a sham. Here 2553 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:26,200 nothing but lies and a sham. Here from 2554 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:26,360 from The 2555 00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:26,600 from The Spectator, 2556 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:26,800 from The Spectator, an 2557 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:27,040 from The Spectator, an article 2558 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:27,280 from The Spectator, an article by 2559 00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:27,600 from The Spectator, an article by James 2560 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:27,880 James Delingpole 2561 00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:28,080 James Delingpole watching 2562 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:28,400 James Delingpole watching the 2563 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:28,600 James Delingpole watching the Climategate 2564 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:32,680 Climategate scandal. 2565 00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:33,000 Climategate scandal. Here 2566 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:33,240 Climategate scandal. Here he 2567 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:33,480 Climategate scandal. Here he says 2568 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:33,680 Climategate scandal. Here he says in 2569 00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:33,880 in the 2570 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:34,320 in the first 2571 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:34,520 in the first sentence, 2572 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:34,720 in the first sentence, this 2573 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:34,920 in the first sentence, this is 2574 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:35,160 in the first sentence, this is the 2575 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:35,440 in the first sentence, this is the greatest 2576 00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:35,760 greatest scientific 2577 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:35,960 greatest scientific scandal 2578 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:36,240 greatest scientific scandal in 2579 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:36,520 greatest scientific scandal in the 2580 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:36,760 greatest scientific scandal in the history 2581 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:36,920 history of 2582 00:18:36,920 --> 00:18:37,320 history of the 2583 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:37,560 history of the world. 2584 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:37,760 history of the world. At 2585 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:37,960 history of the world. At the 2586 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:38,200 history of the world. At the heart 2587 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:38,440 history of the world. At the heart of 2588 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:38,640 of the 2589 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:39,000 of the scandal 2590 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:39,200 of the scandal was 2591 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:39,440 of the scandal was one 2592 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:39,720 of the scandal was one email 2593 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:40,000 of the scandal was one email in 2594 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:40,400 of the scandal was one email in particular. 2595 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:40,600 particular. Correspondence 2596 00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:41,000 particular. Correspondence from 2597 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:41,240 particular. Correspondence from the 2598 00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:41,400 particular. Correspondence from the head 2599 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:41,640 head of 2600 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:41,880 head of CRU, 2601 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:42,240 head of CRU, Dr 2602 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:42,480 head of CRU, Dr Phil 2603 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:42,680 head of CRU, Dr Phil Jones, 2604 00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:43,000 head of CRU, Dr Phil Jones, talked 2605 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:43,200 head of CRU, Dr Phil Jones, talked about 2606 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:43,440 about using 2607 00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:43,800 about using Mike's 2608 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:44,040 about using Mike's nature 2609 00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:44,240 about using Mike's nature trick 2610 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:44,480 about using Mike's nature trick to 2611 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:44,680 about using Mike's nature trick to hide 2612 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:44,880 hide the 2613 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:51,040 hide the decline'. 2614 00:18:51,040 --> 00:18:51,320 hide the decline'. This 2615 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:51,640 hide the decline'. This seemed 2616 00:18:51,640 --> 00:18:51,880 hide the decline'. This seemed proof 2617 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:52,080 proof climate 2618 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:52,360 proof climate scientists 2619 00:18:52,360 --> 00:18:52,600 proof climate scientists were 2620 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:52,800 proof climate scientists were tricking 2621 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:53,160 tricking the 2622 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:53,400 tricking the world 2623 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:53,600 tricking the world into 2624 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:53,800 tricking the world into thinking 2625 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:54,040 tricking the world into thinking our 2626 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:54,280 our use 2627 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:54,600 our use of 2628 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:54,840 our use of fossil 2629 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:55,080 our use of fossil fuels 2630 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:55,360 our use of fossil fuels is 2631 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:55,600 our use of fossil fuels is warming 2632 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:55,840 our use of fossil fuels is warming the 2633 00:18:55,840 --> 00:18:58,200 the planet. 2634 00:18:58,200 --> 00:18:58,480 the planet. The 2635 00:18:58,480 --> 00:18:58,760 the planet. The news 2636 00:18:58,760 --> 00:18:59,040 the planet. The news immediately 2637 00:18:59,040 --> 00:18:59,280 the planet. The news immediately went 2638 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:01,720 went international. 2639 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:02,160 went international. The 2640 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:02,360 went international. The timing 2641 00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:02,560 went international. The timing couldn't 2642 00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:02,760 couldn't have 2643 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:03,160 couldn't have been 2644 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:07,000 couldn't have been worse. 2645 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:07,240 couldn't have been worse. It 2646 00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:07,440 couldn't have been worse. It was 2647 00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:07,680 couldn't have been worse. It was just 2648 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:08,040 just three 2649 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:08,240 just three weeks 2650 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:08,480 just three weeks before 2651 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:08,720 just three weeks before the 2652 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:09,000 just three weeks before the UN 2653 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:09,200 just three weeks before the UN Climate 2654 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:09,440 Climate Change 2655 00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:09,760 Climate Change Convention, 2656 00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:10,080 Climate Change Convention, what 2657 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:10,280 Climate Change Convention, what many 2658 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:10,480 many saw 2659 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:10,680 many saw as 2660 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:10,880 many saw as the 2661 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:11,280 many saw as the world's 2662 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:11,480 many saw as the world's best 2663 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:11,720 many saw as the world's best hope 2664 00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:11,960 many saw as the world's best hope to 2665 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:12,160 to reduce 2666 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:12,440 to reduce carbon 2667 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:12,680 to reduce carbon emissions 2668 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:13,040 to reduce carbon emissions before 2669 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:13,280 to reduce carbon emissions before it 2670 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:13,520 it was 2671 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:13,720 it was too 2672 00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:19,600 it was too late. 2673 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:19,800 it was too late. And 2674 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:20,000 it was too late. And at 2675 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:20,240 it was too late. And at the 2676 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:20,640 it was too late. And at the centre 2677 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:20,800 it was too late. And at the centre of 2678 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:21,080 of it 2679 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:21,280 of it all 2680 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:21,560 of it all was 2681 00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:21,880 of it all was one 2682 00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:22,120 of it all was one man, 2683 00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:22,360 of it all was one man, Dr 2684 00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:22,640 of it all was one man, Dr Phil 2685 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:22,840 of it all was one man, Dr Phil Jones, 2686 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:23,040 Jones, head 2687 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:23,240 Jones, head of 2688 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:32,000 Jones, head of CRU. 2689 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:32,200 Jones, head of CRU. The 2690 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:32,400 The unit's 2691 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:32,600 The unit's headquarters 2692 00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:32,840 The unit's headquarters are 2693 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:33,200 The unit's headquarters are tiny, 2694 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:33,400 The unit's headquarters are tiny, yet 2695 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:33,680 yet Dr 2696 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:33,880 yet Dr Jones 2697 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:34,200 yet Dr Jones and 2698 00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:34,400 yet Dr Jones and his 2699 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:34,640 yet Dr Jones and his colleagues 2700 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:34,960 yet Dr Jones and his colleagues have 2701 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:35,200 have had 2702 00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:35,440 have had a 2703 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:35,640 have had a truly 2704 00:19:35,640 --> 00:19:35,840 have had a truly global 2705 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:39,280 have had a truly global impact. 2706 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:39,560 have had a truly global impact. These 2707 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:39,800 These are 2708 00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:40,080 These are German 2709 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:40,720 These are German books. 2710 00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:40,920 These are German books. These 2711 00:19:40,920 --> 00:19:41,200 These are German books. These are 2712 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:41,440 These are German books. These are Japanese 2713 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:41,760 Japanese books. 2714 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:42,000 Japanese books. There's 2715 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:42,280 Japanese books. There's American 2716 00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:46,600 Japanese books. There's American books. 2717 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:46,840 books. CRUs 2718 00:19:46,840 --> 00:19:47,200 CRUs library 2719 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:47,440 CRUs library holds 2720 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:47,640 CRUs library holds centuries' 2721 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:47,840 CRUs library holds centuries' worth 2722 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:48,040 CRUs library holds centuries' worth of 2723 00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:48,280 of temperature 2724 00:19:48,280 --> 00:19:48,640 of temperature data 2725 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:48,840 of temperature data collected 2726 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:49,040 of temperature data collected from 2727 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:49,360 of temperature data collected from instruments 2728 00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:49,560 instruments in 2729 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:49,880 instruments in every 2730 00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:50,120 instruments in every corner 2731 00:19:50,120 --> 00:19:50,400 instruments in every corner of 2732 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:50,640 instruments in every corner of the 2733 00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:52,760 instruments in every corner of the globe. 2734 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:53,000 globe. To 2735 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:53,280 globe. To look 2736 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:53,560 globe. To look further 2737 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:53,840 globe. To look further back 2738 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:54,080 globe. To look further back in 2739 00:19:54,080 --> 00:19:54,320 globe. To look further back in history, 2740 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:54,560 history, climate 2741 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:54,720 history, climate researchers 2742 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:55,160 history, climate researchers have 2743 00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:55,360 history, climate researchers have to 2744 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:55,560 to extrapolate 2745 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:55,760 to extrapolate information 2746 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:55,960 to extrapolate information from 2747 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:56,240 to extrapolate information from the 2748 00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:56,520 to extrapolate information from the rings 2749 00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:56,760 rings in 2750 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:57,040 rings in ancient 2751 00:19:57,040 --> 00:19:57,280 rings in ancient pieces 2752 00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:57,520 rings in ancient pieces of 2753 00:19:57,520 --> 00:20:02,440 rings in ancient pieces of wood. 2754 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:02,680 rings in ancient pieces of wood. This 2755 00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:02,880 This is 2756 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:03,080 This is a 2757 00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:03,320 This is a measurement 2758 00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:03,560 This is a measurement from 2759 00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:03,880 This is a measurement from a 2760 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:04,160 This is a measurement from a tree 2761 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:04,360 This is a measurement from a tree from 2762 00:20:04,360 --> 00:20:04,640 from the 2763 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:04,920 from the Andes 2764 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:05,120 from the Andes in 2765 00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:07,520 from the Andes in Argentina. 2766 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:07,840 from the Andes in Argentina. This 2767 00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:08,160 from the Andes in Argentina. This is 2768 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:08,360 is a 2769 00:20:08,360 --> 00:20:08,600 is a bog 2770 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:08,880 is a bog oak 2771 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:09,120 is a bog oak from 2772 00:20:09,120 --> 00:20:11,600 is a bog oak from Germany. 2773 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:11,800 is a bog oak from Germany. It 2774 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:12,040 is a bog oak from Germany. It has 2775 00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:12,280 is a bog oak from Germany. It has been 2776 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:12,520 been preserved 2777 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:12,840 been preserved in 2778 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:13,120 been preserved in the 2779 00:20:13,120 --> 00:20:13,360 been preserved in the peat 2780 00:20:13,360 --> 00:20:13,640 been preserved in the peat bogs. 2781 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:13,840 been preserved in the peat bogs. How 2782 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:14,040 How old 2783 00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:14,400 How old is 2784 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:14,640 How old is that 2785 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:14,840 How old is that piece 2786 00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:15,040 How old is that piece of 2787 00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:15,320 How old is that piece of wood? 2788 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:15,520 How old is that piece of wood? It 2789 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:15,880 How old is that piece of wood? It is 2790 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:16,080 is about 2791 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:16,360 is about 3,000 2792 00:20:16,360 --> 00:20:16,560 is about 3,000 to 2793 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:16,840 is about 3,000 to 4,000 2794 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:17,080 is about 3,000 to 4,000 years 2795 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:18,960 is about 3,000 to 4,000 years old. 2796 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:19,160 is about 3,000 to 4,000 years old. Tree 2797 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:19,400 Tree rings 2798 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:19,680 Tree rings have 2799 00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:20,000 Tree rings have been 2800 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:20,240 Tree rings have been shown 2801 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:20,480 Tree rings have been shown to 2802 00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:20,720 Tree rings have been shown to be 2803 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:20,960 Tree rings have been shown to be a 2804 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:21,160 Tree rings have been shown to be a good 2805 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:21,560 good way 2806 00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:21,760 good way of 2807 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:21,960 good way of measuring 2808 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:22,160 good way of measuring ancient 2809 00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:24,000 good way of measuring ancient temperatures. 2810 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:24,240 temperatures. And 2811 00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:24,440 temperatures. And they 2812 00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:24,720 temperatures. And they have 2813 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:25,000 temperatures. And they have mostly 2814 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:25,200 temperatures. And they have mostly matched 2815 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:25,400 matched instrumental 2816 00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:25,800 matched instrumental measurements 2817 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:26,040 matched instrumental measurements since 2818 00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:26,240 since the 2819 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:26,440 since the advent 2820 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:26,640 since the advent of 2821 00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:34,640 since the advent of thermometers. 2822 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:34,840 since the advent of thermometers. However, 2823 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:35,160 However, after 2824 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:35,360 However, after about 2825 00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:35,640 However, after about 1960, 2826 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:35,880 However, after about 1960, some 2827 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:36,120 However, after about 1960, some tree 2828 00:20:36,120 --> 00:20:36,360 tree ring 2829 00:20:36,360 --> 00:20:36,720 tree ring data 2830 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:36,960 tree ring data stopped 2831 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:37,200 tree ring data stopped fitting 2832 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:37,400 tree ring data stopped fitting real 2833 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:37,600 tree ring data stopped fitting real temperatures 2834 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:37,840 temperatures so 2835 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:38,200 temperatures so well. 2836 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:38,400 temperatures so well. The 2837 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:38,600 temperatures so well. The cause 2838 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:38,920 temperatures so well. The cause of 2839 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:39,240 temperatures so well. The cause of this 2840 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:39,440 this isn't 2841 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:45,720 this isn't known. 2842 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:45,920 this isn't known. When 2843 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:46,160 this isn't known. When Dr 2844 00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:46,520 this isn't known. When Dr Jones 2845 00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:46,760 this isn't known. When Dr Jones was 2846 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:46,960 this isn't known. When Dr Jones was asked 2847 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:47,240 asked by 2848 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:47,560 asked by the 2849 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:47,760 asked by the World 2850 00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:48,040 asked by the World Meteorological 2851 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:48,280 asked by the World Meteorological Organisation 2852 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:48,520 Organisation to 2853 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:48,760 Organisation to prepare 2854 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:49,000 Organisation to prepare a 2855 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:49,160 Organisation to prepare a graph 2856 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:49,600 Organisation to prepare a graph of 2857 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:49,800 Organisation to prepare a graph of how 2858 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:50,000 how temperatures 2859 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:50,200 how temperatures had 2860 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:50,440 how temperatures had changed 2861 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:50,720 how temperatures had changed over 2862 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:51,000 how temperatures had changed over the 2863 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:51,280 the past 2864 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:51,520 the past 1,000 2865 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:51,760 the past 1,000 years, 2866 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:52,040 the past 1,000 years, he 2867 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:52,240 the past 1,000 years, he had 2868 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:52,600 the past 1,000 years, he had to 2869 00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:52,840 the past 1,000 years, he had to decide 2870 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:53,040 decide how 2871 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:53,240 decide how to 2872 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:53,440 decide how to deal 2873 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:53,680 decide how to deal with 2874 00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:54,040 decide how to deal with this 2875 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:54,240 decide how to deal with this divergence 2876 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:54,480 divergence between 2877 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:54,760 divergence between the 2878 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:55,000 divergence between the data 2879 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,360 divergence between the data sets. 2880 00:20:58,360 --> 00:20:58,520 divergence between the data sets. He 2881 00:20:58,520 --> 00:20:58,920 He decided 2882 00:20:58,920 --> 00:20:59,120 He decided to 2883 00:20:59,120 --> 00:20:59,360 He decided to use 2884 00:20:59,360 --> 00:20:59,560 He decided to use the 2885 00:20:59,560 --> 00:20:59,840 He decided to use the direct 2886 00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:00,080 He decided to use the direct measurements 2887 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:00,360 measurements of 2888 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:00,640 measurements of temperature 2889 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:00,920 measurements of temperature change 2890 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:01,160 measurements of temperature change from 2891 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:01,360 from thermometers 2892 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:01,560 from thermometers and 2893 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:02,000 from thermometers and instruments, 2894 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:02,200 from thermometers and instruments, rather 2895 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:02,400 rather than 2896 00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:02,600 rather than indirect 2897 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:02,840 rather than indirect data 2898 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:03,080 rather than indirect data from 2899 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:03,400 rather than indirect data from the 2900 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:03,640 rather than indirect data from the tree 2901 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:03,840 tree rings, 2902 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:04,120 tree rings, to 2903 00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:04,360 tree rings, to cover 2904 00:21:04,360 --> 00:21:04,640 tree rings, to cover the 2905 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:04,960 tree rings, to cover the period 2906 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:05,200 tree rings, to cover the period from 2907 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,680 from 1960. 2908 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:08,880 from 1960. It 2909 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:09,080 from 1960. It was 2910 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:09,280 from 1960. It was this 2911 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:09,520 from 1960. It was this data 2912 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:09,760 from 1960. It was this data splicing, 2913 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:10,080 splicing, and 2914 00:21:10,080 --> 00:21:10,320 splicing, and his 2915 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:10,600 splicing, and his email 2916 00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:10,920 splicing, and his email referring 2917 00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:11,120 splicing, and his email referring to 2918 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:11,320 to it 2919 00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:11,520 to it as 2920 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:11,920 to it as a 2921 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:12,120 to it as a trick', 2922 00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:12,320 to it as a trick', that 2923 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:12,560 to it as a trick', that formed 2924 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:12,840 to it as a trick', that formed the 2925 00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:13,040 to it as a trick', that formed the crux 2926 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:13,360 crux of 2927 00:21:13,360 --> 00:21:19,040 crux of Climategate. 2928 00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:19,440 crux of Climategate. The 2929 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:19,640 crux of Climategate. The organisation 2930 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:19,880 organisation wanted 2931 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:20,040 organisation wanted a 2932 00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:20,320 organisation wanted a relatively 2933 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:20,520 organisation wanted a relatively simple 2934 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:20,880 simple diagram 2935 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:21,080 simple diagram for 2936 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:21,360 simple diagram for their 2937 00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:21,600 simple diagram for their particular 2938 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,840 simple diagram for their particular audience. 2939 00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:25,080 audience. What 2940 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:25,280 audience. What we 2941 00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:25,640 audience. What we started 2942 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:25,880 audience. What we started off 2943 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:26,160 audience. What we started off doing 2944 00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:26,360 audience. What we started off doing was 2945 00:21:26,360 --> 00:21:26,560 was the 2946 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:26,760 was the three 2947 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:27,160 was the three series, 2948 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:27,360 was the three series, with 2949 00:21:27,360 --> 00:21:27,560 was the three series, with the 2950 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:27,760 was the three series, with the instrumental 2951 00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:28,000 instrumental temperatures 2952 00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:28,280 instrumental temperatures on 2953 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:28,600 instrumental temperatures on the 2954 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:28,840 instrumental temperatures on the end, 2955 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:29,120 end, clearly 2956 00:21:29,120 --> 00:21:29,320 end, clearly differentiated 2957 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:29,600 end, clearly differentiated from 2958 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:29,800 end, clearly differentiated from the 2959 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:30,160 the tree 2960 00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:30,360 the tree ring 2961 00:21:30,360 --> 00:21:30,640 the tree ring series, 2962 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:30,840 the tree ring series, but 2963 00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:31,040 the tree ring series, but they 2964 00:21:31,040 --> 00:21:31,240 the tree ring series, but they thought 2965 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:31,640 thought that 2966 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:31,840 thought that was 2967 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:32,040 thought that was too 2968 00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:32,360 thought that was too complicated 2969 00:21:32,360 --> 00:21:32,560 thought that was too complicated to 2970 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:32,840 thought that was too complicated to explain 2971 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:33,080 explain to 2972 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:33,400 explain to their 2973 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:35,800 explain to their audience. 2974 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:36,040 explain to their audience. So 2975 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:36,360 explain to their audience. So what 2976 00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:36,560 explain to their audience. So what we 2977 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:36,840 we did 2978 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:37,080 we did was 2979 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:37,400 we did was just 2980 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:37,600 we did was just to 2981 00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:37,880 we did was just to add 2982 00:21:37,880 --> 00:21:38,120 we did was just to add them 2983 00:21:38,120 --> 00:21:38,320 we did was just to add them on 2984 00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:38,560 we did was just to add them on and 2985 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:38,760 we did was just to add them on and to 2986 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:39,160 to bring 2987 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:39,360 to bring them 2988 00:21:39,360 --> 00:21:39,560 to bring them up 2989 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:39,800 to bring them up to 2990 00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:40,040 to bring them up to the 2991 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:40,360 to bring them up to the present. 2992 00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:40,600 to bring them up to the present. And, 2993 00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:40,840 And, as 2994 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:41,120 And, as I 2995 00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:41,360 And, as I say, 2996 00:21:41,360 --> 00:21:41,600 And, as I say, this 2997 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:41,800 And, as I say, this was 2998 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:42,200 And, as I say, this was a 2999 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:42,400 And, as I say, this was a World 3000 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:42,600 And, as I say, this was a World Meteorological 3001 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:42,800 Meteorological Organisation 3002 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:43,040 Meteorological Organisation statement, 3003 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:43,240 statement, it 3004 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:43,600 statement, it had 3005 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:43,840 statement, it had hardly 3006 00:21:43,840 --> 00:21:44,120 statement, it had hardly any 3007 00:21:44,120 --> 00:21:44,360 statement, it had hardly any coverage 3008 00:21:44,360 --> 00:21:44,640 coverage in 3009 00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:44,840 coverage in the 3010 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:45,040 coverage in the media 3011 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:45,440 coverage in the media at 3012 00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:45,640 coverage in the media at the 3013 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:45,840 coverage in the media at the time 3014 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:46,040 coverage in the media at the time and 3015 00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:46,240 and had 3016 00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:46,560 and had virtually 3017 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:46,880 and had virtually no 3018 00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:47,080 and had virtually no coverage 3019 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:47,360 and had virtually no coverage for 3020 00:21:47,360 --> 00:21:47,600 and had virtually no coverage for the 3021 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:47,880 the next 3022 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:48,080 the next ten 3023 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:48,400 the next ten years, 3024 00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:48,640 the next ten years, until 3025 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:48,920 the next ten years, until the 3026 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:49,120 the next ten years, until the release 3027 00:21:49,120 --> 00:21:49,280 release of 3028 00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:49,560 release of the 3029 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:55,400 release of the emails. 3030 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:55,800 release of the emails. Why 3031 00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:56,000 release of the emails. Why do 3032 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:56,240 release of the emails. Why do you 3033 00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:56,480 release of the emails. Why do you think 3034 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:56,720 think so 3035 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:57,040 think so much 3036 00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:57,240 think so much fuss 3037 00:21:57,240 --> 00:21:57,520 think so much fuss was 3038 00:21:57,520 --> 00:21:57,760 think so much fuss was made 3039 00:21:57,760 --> 00:21:58,040 think so much fuss was made over 3040 00:21:58,040 --> 00:21:58,240 think so much fuss was made over the 3041 00:21:58,240 --> 00:21:58,600 the emails 3042 00:21:58,600 --> 00:21:58,840 the emails and 3043 00:21:58,840 --> 00:21:59,040 the emails and this 3044 00:21:59,040 --> 00:21:59,240 the emails and this graph 3045 00:21:59,240 --> 00:21:59,480 the emails and this graph rather 3046 00:21:59,480 --> 00:21:59,680 the emails and this graph rather than 3047 00:21:59,680 --> 00:21:59,920 than the 3048 00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:00,280 than the peer 3049 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:00,480 than the peer reviewed 3050 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:02,720 than the peer reviewed science? 3051 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:02,920 than the peer reviewed science? I 3052 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:03,120 than the peer reviewed science? I think 3053 00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:03,520 think that 3054 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:03,720 think that it's 3055 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:03,920 think that it's a 3056 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:04,120 think that it's a number 3057 00:22:04,120 --> 00:22:04,400 think that it's a number of 3058 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:04,760 think that it's a number of the 3059 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:04,960 think that it's a number of the climate 3060 00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:05,240 climate change 3061 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:05,480 climate change sceptics, 3062 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:05,760 climate change sceptics, doubters, 3063 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:05,960 climate change sceptics, doubters, deniers, 3064 00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:06,160 deniers, whatever 3065 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:06,520 deniers, whatever you 3066 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:06,760 deniers, whatever you want 3067 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:07,000 deniers, whatever you want to 3068 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:07,200 deniers, whatever you want to call 3069 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:07,400 deniers, whatever you want to call them, 3070 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:07,680 them, just 3071 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:08,000 them, just wanted 3072 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:08,200 them, just wanted to 3073 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:08,440 them, just wanted to use 3074 00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:08,680 them, just wanted to use these 3075 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:08,960 them, just wanted to use these emails 3076 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:09,200 emails for 3077 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:09,560 emails for their 3078 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:09,800 emails for their own 3079 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:10,040 emails for their own purposes 3080 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:10,240 emails for their own purposes to 3081 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:10,440 emails for their own purposes to cast 3082 00:22:10,440 --> 00:22:10,640 cast doubt 3083 00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:11,040 cast doubt on 3084 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:11,240 cast doubt on the 3085 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:11,520 cast doubt on the basic 3086 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:13,240 cast doubt on the basic science. 3087 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:13,480 cast doubt on the basic science. The 3088 00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:13,800 The basic 3089 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:14,000 The basic science 3090 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:14,280 The basic science is 3091 00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:14,480 The basic science is in 3092 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:14,680 The basic science is in the 3093 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:14,920 The basic science is in the peer 3094 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:15,320 The basic science is in the peer reviewed 3095 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:15,520 reviewed literature 3096 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:15,720 reviewed literature and 3097 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:15,920 reviewed literature and I 3098 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:16,200 reviewed literature and I wish 3099 00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:16,480 reviewed literature and I wish more 3100 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:16,720 reviewed literature and I wish more people 3101 00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:17,000 people would 3102 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:17,280 people would read 3103 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:17,560 people would read that 3104 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:17,760 people would read that than 3105 00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:17,960 people would read that than read 3106 00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:18,160 people would read that than read the 3107 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:21,400 the emails. 3108 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:21,600 the emails. As 3109 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:21,800 As well 3110 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:22,080 As well as 3111 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:22,400 As well as the 3112 00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:22,680 As well as the emails, 3113 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:22,880 As well as the emails, much 3114 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:23,200 As well as the emails, much criticism 3115 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:23,400 criticism of 3116 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:23,640 criticism of Dr 3117 00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:23,920 criticism of Dr Jones 3118 00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:24,240 criticism of Dr Jones centred 3119 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:24,480 criticism of Dr Jones centred on 3120 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:24,640 criticism of Dr Jones centred on his 3121 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:24,880 his reluctance 3122 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:25,040 his reluctance to 3123 00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:25,480 his reluctance to hand 3124 00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:25,680 his reluctance to hand over 3125 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:28,840 his reluctance to hand over data. 3126 00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:29,040 his reluctance to hand over data. The 3127 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:29,280 The team 3128 00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:29,520 The team at 3129 00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:29,720 The team at CRU 3130 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:29,920 The team at CRU had 3131 00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,360 The team at CRU had been 3132 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:30,520 The team at CRU had been receiving 3133 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:30,760 The team at CRU had been receiving requests 3134 00:22:30,760 --> 00:22:30,960 requests under 3135 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:31,200 requests under the 3136 00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:31,440 requests under the Freedom 3137 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:31,800 requests under the Freedom of 3138 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:32,040 requests under the Freedom of Information 3139 00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:32,280 Information Act, 3140 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:32,560 Information Act, also 3141 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:32,760 Information Act, also known 3142 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:32,960 Information Act, also known as 3143 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:33,360 Information Act, also known as FOI 3144 00:22:33,360 --> 00:22:33,600 Information Act, also known as FOI requests, 3145 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:33,800 requests, for 3146 00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:34,000 requests, for access 3147 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:34,200 requests, for access to 3148 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:34,480 requests, for access to their 3149 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:34,800 requests, for access to their scientific 3150 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,920 scientific data. 3151 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:38,160 scientific data. Well, 3152 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:38,480 Well, we 3153 00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:38,720 Well, we started 3154 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:38,960 Well, we started getting 3155 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:39,280 Well, we started getting some 3156 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:39,480 Well, we started getting some requests 3157 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:39,680 requests in 3158 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:40,080 requests in about 3159 00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:40,280 requests in about 2007 3160 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:40,480 requests in about 2007 and 3161 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:40,680 requests in about 2007 and we 3162 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:40,880 requests in about 2007 and we responded 3163 00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:41,120 responded to 3164 00:22:41,120 --> 00:22:42,120 responded to those. 3165 00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:42,320 responded to those. These 3166 00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:42,600 responded to those. These are 3167 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:42,920 responded to those. These are Freedom 3168 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:43,120 Freedom of 3169 00:22:43,120 --> 00:22:43,360 Freedom of Information 3170 00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:45,360 Freedom of Information Requests? 3171 00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:45,560 Freedom of Information Requests? Yes, 3172 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:45,760 Yes, they 3173 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:45,960 Yes, they were 3174 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:46,400 Yes, they were specifically 3175 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:46,600 Yes, they were specifically for 3176 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:46,800 Yes, they were specifically for the 3177 00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:47,000 Yes, they were specifically for the basic 3178 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:47,240 basic station 3179 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:47,480 basic station temperature 3180 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:47,800 basic station temperature data 3181 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:48,080 basic station temperature data and 3182 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:48,280 basic station temperature data and also 3183 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:48,560 also for 3184 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:48,800 also for the 3185 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:49,040 also for the locations 3186 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:49,240 also for the locations of 3187 00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:49,640 also for the locations of the 3188 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:59,160 also for the locations of the stations. 3189 00:22:59,160 --> 00:22:59,560 stations. The 3190 00:22:59,560 --> 00:22:59,800 stations. The situation 3191 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:00,000 stations. The situation got 3192 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:00,200 stations. The situation got a 3193 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:00,440 stations. The situation got a bit 3194 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:00,800 stations. The situation got a bit worse 3195 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:01,000 worse in 3196 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:01,200 worse in July 3197 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:01,480 worse in July 2009, 3198 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:01,720 worse in July 2009, when 3199 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:02,000 worse in July 2009, when we 3200 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:02,280 worse in July 2009, when we got 3201 00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:02,560 worse in July 2009, when we got 60 3202 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:02,800 worse in July 2009, when we got 60 requests 3203 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:03,040 requests over 3204 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:03,240 requests over a 3205 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:03,440 requests over a weekend. 3206 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:03,840 requests over a weekend. Over 3207 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:04,040 requests over a weekend. Over one 3208 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:04,280 requests over a weekend. Over one weekend? 3209 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:04,480 weekend? Over 3210 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:04,720 weekend? Over one 3211 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:05,000 weekend? Over one weekend, 3212 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:05,280 weekend? Over one weekend, where 3213 00:23:05,280 --> 00:23:05,560 weekend? Over one weekend, where there 3214 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:05,800 there was 3215 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:06,040 there was clearly 3216 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:06,280 there was clearly some 3217 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:06,480 there was clearly some sort 3218 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:06,680 there was clearly some sort of 3219 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:07,120 there was clearly some sort of co- 3220 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:07,320 there was clearly some sort of co- ordination 3221 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:07,520 ordination between... 3222 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:07,720 ordination between... Was 3223 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:07,960 ordination between... Was that 3224 00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:08,200 ordination between... Was that from 3225 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:08,480 ordination between... Was that from different 3226 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:08,720 different people? 3227 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:09,040 different people? Different 3228 00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:09,280 different people? Different people, 3229 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:09,520 different people? Different people, but 3230 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:09,720 but there 3231 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:09,960 but there was 3232 00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:10,360 but there was clearly 3233 00:23:10,360 --> 00:23:10,560 but there was clearly some 3234 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:10,760 but there was clearly some co- 3235 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:10,960 but there was clearly some co- ordination 3236 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:11,200 ordination of 3237 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:11,440 ordination of the 3238 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:11,760 ordination of the requests, 3239 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:12,000 ordination of the requests, because 3240 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:12,240 ordination of the requests, because they 3241 00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:12,480 they each 3242 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:12,720 they each asked 3243 00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:13,000 they each asked for 3244 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:13,320 they each asked for five 3245 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:13,600 they each asked for five countries, 3246 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:13,800 they each asked for five countries, in 3247 00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:14,000 in alphabetical 3248 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:14,800 in alphabetical order. 3249 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:15,000 in alphabetical order. I 3250 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:15,440 in alphabetical order. I thought 3251 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:15,640 in alphabetical order. I thought at 3252 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:15,840 in alphabetical order. I thought at the 3253 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:16,040 the time 3254 00:23:16,040 --> 00:23:16,320 the time it 3255 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:16,640 the time it was 3256 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:16,880 the time it was just 3257 00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:17,120 the time it was just to 3258 00:23:17,120 --> 00:23:17,400 the time it was just to waste 3259 00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:17,640 the time it was just to waste our 3260 00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:17,880 the time it was just to waste our time, 3261 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:18,200 time, in 3262 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:18,480 time, in order 3263 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:18,680 time, in order to 3264 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:18,880 time, in order to deal 3265 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:19,080 time, in order to deal with 3266 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:19,320 time, in order to deal with these 3267 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:19,600 time, in order to deal with these requests 3268 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:19,920 requests and 3269 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:20,120 requests and maybe 3270 00:23:20,120 --> 00:23:20,360 requests and maybe to 3271 00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:20,640 requests and maybe to get 3272 00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:20,880 requests and maybe to get the 3273 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:21,200 requests and maybe to get the data 3274 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,160 requests and maybe to get the data together. 3275 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:24,360 together. So 3276 00:23:24,360 --> 00:23:24,640 together. So this 3277 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:24,840 together. So this is 3278 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:25,120 together. So this is an 3279 00:23:25,120 --> 00:23:25,480 together. So this is an interesting 3280 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:25,680 together. So this is an interesting dilemma 3281 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:25,960 dilemma that 3282 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:26,200 dilemma that we 3283 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:26,400 dilemma that we have 3284 00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:26,600 dilemma that we have here, 3285 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:27,000 dilemma that we have here, really, 3286 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:27,200 dilemma that we have here, really, because 3287 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:27,400 because obviously 3288 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:27,600 because obviously science 3289 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:27,800 because obviously science is 3290 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:28,120 because obviously science is based 3291 00:23:28,120 --> 00:23:28,440 because obviously science is based on 3292 00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:28,640 on open 3293 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:28,880 on open access 3294 00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:29,160 on open access to 3295 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:29,440 on open access to data, 3296 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:29,680 on open access to data, but 3297 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:30,000 on open access to data, but obviously 3298 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:30,200 obviously you 3299 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:30,480 obviously you can 3300 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:30,680 obviously you can also 3301 00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:30,880 obviously you can also be 3302 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:31,080 obviously you can also be disrupted 3303 00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:31,480 obviously you can also be disrupted by 3304 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:31,680 by having, 3305 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:31,920 by having, if 3306 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:32,160 by having, if you 3307 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:32,360 by having, if you like, 3308 00:23:32,360 --> 00:23:32,640 by having, if you like, more 3309 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:32,880 by having, if you like, more legalistic 3310 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:33,200 legalistic attempts 3311 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:33,480 legalistic attempts to 3312 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:33,680 legalistic attempts to get 3313 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:33,920 legalistic attempts to get data, 3314 00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:34,160 legalistic attempts to get data, or 3315 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:34,320 legalistic attempts to get data, or simply 3316 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:34,720 simply trying 3317 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:34,920 simply trying to 3318 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:35,120 simply trying to waste 3319 00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:35,360 simply trying to waste people's 3320 00:23:35,360 --> 00:23:36,800 simply trying to waste people's time. 3321 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:37,080 time. How 3322 00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:37,280 time. How do 3323 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:37,560 time. How do you 3324 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:37,800 time. How do you balance 3325 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:43,040 time. How do you balance that? 3326 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:43,240 time. How do you balance that? Well, 3327 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:43,480 time. How do you balance that? Well, sometimes 3328 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:43,720 sometimes we 3329 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:43,920 sometimes we get 3330 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:44,200 sometimes we get requests 3331 00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:44,520 sometimes we get requests and 3332 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:44,800 sometimes we get requests and sometimes 3333 00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:45,000 sometimes not 3334 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:45,280 sometimes not through 3335 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:45,480 sometimes not through FOI, 3336 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:45,680 sometimes not through FOI, just 3337 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:45,920 sometimes not through FOI, just from 3338 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:46,280 from other 3339 00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:46,520 from other scientists. 3340 00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:46,720 from other scientists. We 3341 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:46,920 from other scientists. We point 3342 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:47,160 from other scientists. We point them 3343 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:47,440 them in 3344 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:47,720 them in the 3345 00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:48,000 them in the right 3346 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:48,200 them in the right direction 3347 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:48,480 them in the right direction as 3348 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:48,760 them in the right direction as to 3349 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:48,960 them in the right direction as to where 3350 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:49,280 where you 3351 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:49,560 where you might 3352 00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:49,760 where you might be 3353 00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:49,960 where you might be able 3354 00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:50,160 where you might be able to 3355 00:23:50,160 --> 00:23:50,360 where you might be able to get 3356 00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:50,800 where you might be able to get the 3357 00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:51,160 where you might be able to get the data. 3358 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:51,400 data. But 3359 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:51,720 data. But when 3360 00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:51,960 data. But when it 3361 00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:52,200 data. But when it became 3362 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:52,400 data. But when it became more 3363 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:52,600 data. But when it became more sort 3364 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:52,800 data. But when it became more sort of 3365 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:53,200 of through 3366 00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:53,440 of through the 3367 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:53,600 of through the FOI, 3368 00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:53,880 of through the FOI, it 3369 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:54,160 of through the FOI, it really 3370 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:54,400 of through the FOI, it really then 3371 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:54,720 of through the FOI, it really then became 3372 00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:54,960 became clear 3373 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:55,200 became clear that 3374 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:55,440 became clear that it 3375 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:55,640 became clear that it was 3376 00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:55,840 became clear that it was some 3377 00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:56,240 became clear that it was some sort 3378 00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:56,440 became clear that it was some sort of 3379 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:58,040 of harassment. 3380 00:23:58,040 --> 00:23:58,280 of harassment. This 3381 00:23:58,280 --> 00:23:58,600 This event 3382 00:23:58,600 --> 00:23:58,840 This event raises 3383 00:23:58,840 --> 00:23:59,080 This event raises questions 3384 00:23:59,080 --> 00:23:59,320 This event raises questions about 3385 00:23:59,320 --> 00:23:59,520 This event raises questions about the 3386 00:23:59,520 --> 00:23:59,720 the openness 3387 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:00,120 the openness of 3388 00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:00,320 the openness of scientific 3389 00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:01,920 the openness of scientific research. 3390 00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:02,120 the openness of scientific research. Dr 3391 00:24:02,120 --> 00:24:02,400 Dr Jones 3392 00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:02,680 Dr Jones and 3393 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:02,960 Dr Jones and his 3394 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:03,160 Dr Jones and his team 3395 00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:03,360 Dr Jones and his team clearly 3396 00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:03,800 Dr Jones and his team clearly felt 3397 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:05,240 Dr Jones and his team clearly felt persecuted. 3398 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:05,480 persecuted. However, 3399 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:05,720 persecuted. However, scientists 3400 00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:06,040 persecuted. However, scientists do 3401 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:06,280 persecuted. However, scientists do have 3402 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:06,560 have to 3403 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:06,800 have to be 3404 00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:07,000 have to be open 3405 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:07,240 have to be open with 3406 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:07,640 have to be open with their 3407 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:11,800 have to be open with their data. 3408 00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:12,040 have to be open with their data. It 3409 00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:12,280 It might 3410 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:12,520 It might be 3411 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:12,720 It might be useful 3412 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:13,120 It might be useful to 3413 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:13,320 It might be useful to think 3414 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:13,560 It might be useful to think about 3415 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:13,720 It might be useful to think about the 3416 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:13,920 the human 3417 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:14,160 the human genome 3418 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:14,520 the human genome project 3419 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:14,760 the human genome project where 3420 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:15,000 the human genome project where similar 3421 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:15,240 similar issues 3422 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:15,480 similar issues came 3423 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:15,720 similar issues came up 3424 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:16,040 similar issues came up about 3425 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:16,360 similar issues came up about a 3426 00:24:16,360 --> 00:24:16,560 similar issues came up about a decade 3427 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,520 decade ago. 3428 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:19,800 decade ago. There 3429 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:20,080 decade ago. There was 3430 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:20,400 decade ago. There was clear 3431 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:20,600 decade ago. There was clear discussion 3432 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:20,840 discussion about 3433 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:21,160 discussion about this, 3434 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:21,400 discussion about this, and 3435 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:21,640 discussion about this, and in 3436 00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:21,840 discussion about this, and in the 3437 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:22,080 discussion about this, and in the public 3438 00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:22,280 public genome 3439 00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:22,680 public genome sequencing 3440 00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:22,880 public genome sequencing laboratories 3441 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:23,080 laboratories a 3442 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:23,360 laboratories a real 3443 00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:23,600 laboratories a real commitment, 3444 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:23,800 laboratories a real commitment, dedication 3445 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:24,080 dedication to 3446 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:24,400 dedication to getting 3447 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:24,640 dedication to getting that 3448 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:24,880 dedication to getting that data 3449 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:25,120 dedication to getting that data out 3450 00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:25,320 dedication to getting that data out to 3451 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:25,520 to the 3452 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:25,920 to the public 3453 00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:26,120 to the public as 3454 00:24:26,120 --> 00:24:26,320 to the public as soon 3455 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:26,520 to the public as soon as 3456 00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:26,880 to the public as soon as possible, 3457 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:27,040 to the public as soon as possible, and 3458 00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:27,400 and I 3459 00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:27,600 and I think 3460 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:27,920 and I think that 3461 00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:28,120 and I think that maybe 3462 00:24:28,120 --> 00:24:28,360 and I think that maybe there 3463 00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:28,560 and I think that maybe there is 3464 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:28,920 and I think that maybe there is maybe 3465 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:29,160 maybe something 3466 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:29,360 maybe something to 3467 00:24:29,360 --> 00:24:29,560 maybe something to be 3468 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:29,760 maybe something to be learnt 3469 00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:30,000 maybe something to be learnt from 3470 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:30,400 maybe something to be learnt from that 3471 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:30,600 that for 3472 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:30,840 that for climate 3473 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:39,320 that for climate science. 3474 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:39,520 that for climate science. There 3475 00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:39,720 There were 3476 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:40,000 There were at 3477 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:40,320 There were at least 3478 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:40,520 There were at least four 3479 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:40,720 There were at least four independent 3480 00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:41,040 independent reviews 3481 00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:41,280 independent reviews of 3482 00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:41,520 independent reviews of the 3483 00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:41,760 independent reviews of the work 3484 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:42,120 independent reviews of the work of 3485 00:24:42,120 --> 00:24:42,960 independent reviews of the work of CRU. 3486 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:43,280 CRU. The 3487 00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:43,520 CRU. The reports 3488 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:43,760 CRU. The reports found 3489 00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:44,000 CRU. The reports found there 3490 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:44,200 CRU. The reports found there was 3491 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:44,400 CRU. The reports found there was no 3492 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:44,800 CRU. The reports found there was no evidence 3493 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:45,000 evidence of 3494 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:54,360 evidence of dishonesty'. 3495 00:24:54,360 --> 00:24:54,560 evidence of dishonesty'. They 3496 00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:54,840 evidence of dishonesty'. They said 3497 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:55,080 evidence of dishonesty'. They said splicing 3498 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:55,400 splicing the 3499 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:55,640 splicing the temperature 3500 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:55,920 splicing the temperature data 3501 00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:56,120 splicing the temperature data wasn't 3502 00:24:56,120 --> 00:24:56,400 wasn't 'misleading' 3503 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:56,600 wasn't 'misleading' but 3504 00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:57,000 wasn't 'misleading' but this 3505 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:57,200 wasn't 'misleading' but this technique 3506 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:57,400 technique should 3507 00:24:57,400 --> 00:24:57,600 technique should 'have 3508 00:24:57,600 --> 00:24:57,800 technique should 'have been 3509 00:24:57,800 --> 00:24:58,080 technique should 'have been made 3510 00:24:58,080 --> 00:24:58,400 technique should 'have been made plain'. 3511 00:24:58,400 --> 00:24:58,600 plain'. They 3512 00:24:58,600 --> 00:24:58,880 plain'. They said 3513 00:24:58,880 --> 00:24:59,160 plain'. They said generally 3514 00:24:59,160 --> 00:24:59,400 plain'. They said generally the 3515 00:24:59,400 --> 00:24:59,640 plain'. They said generally the unit 3516 00:24:59,640 --> 00:24:59,920 unit should 3517 00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:00,200 unit should have 3518 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:00,400 unit should have been 3519 00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:00,640 unit should have been more 3520 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:02,280 unit should have been more open. 3521 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:02,480 unit should have been more open. But, 3522 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:02,720 But, crucially, 3523 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:03,000 But, crucially, they 3524 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:03,240 But, crucially, they found 3525 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:03,560 But, crucially, they found no 3526 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:03,800 But, crucially, they found no evidence 3527 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:04,080 evidence of 3528 00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:04,320 evidence of any 3529 00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:04,520 evidence of any 'deliberate 3530 00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:04,720 evidence of any 'deliberate scientific 3531 00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:07,960 scientific malpractice'. 3532 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:08,160 scientific malpractice'. This 3533 00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:08,400 This seems 3534 00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:08,760 This seems to 3535 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:08,960 This seems to have 3536 00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:09,200 This seems to have been 3537 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:09,400 This seems to have been the 3538 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:09,680 This seems to have been the greatest 3539 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:09,960 greatest scientific 3540 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:10,200 greatest scientific scandal 3541 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:10,480 greatest scientific scandal that 3542 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:10,720 greatest scientific scandal that never 3543 00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:10,960 never really 3544 00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:11,200 never really took 3545 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,880 never really took place. 3546 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:15,080 never really took place. I 3547 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:15,360 never really took place. I mean, 3548 00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:15,680 never really took place. I mean, it 3549 00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:15,880 never really took place. I mean, it just 3550 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:16,160 just doesn't 3551 00:25:16,160 --> 00:25:16,400 just doesn't make 3552 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:16,640 just doesn't make sense 3553 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:16,920 just doesn't make sense to 3554 00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:17,200 just doesn't make sense to me 3555 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:17,480 just doesn't make sense to me at 3556 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:17,680 just doesn't make sense to me at all 3557 00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:17,920 all why 3558 00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:18,120 all why it 3559 00:25:18,120 --> 00:25:18,320 all why it got 3560 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:18,720 all why it got blown 3561 00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:18,920 all why it got blown out 3562 00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:19,160 all why it got blown out of 3563 00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:21,560 all why it got blown out of proportion. 3564 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:21,760 proportion. It 3565 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:21,960 proportion. It makes 3566 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:22,240 proportion. It makes me 3567 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:22,520 proportion. It makes me wonder 3568 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:22,760 proportion. It makes me wonder whether 3569 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:23,000 whether us 3570 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:23,280 whether us scientists 3571 00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:23,520 whether us scientists are 3572 00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:23,800 whether us scientists are not 3573 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:24,000 whether us scientists are not well 3574 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:24,200 whether us scientists are not well suited 3575 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:24,400 suited for 3576 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:24,800 suited for dealing 3577 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:25,040 suited for dealing with 3578 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:25,240 suited for dealing with situations 3579 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:25,480 suited for dealing with situations like 3580 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:25,720 like this 3581 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:25,960 like this and 3582 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:26,280 like this and we 3583 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:26,520 like this and we perhaps 3584 00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:26,840 like this and we perhaps let 3585 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:27,080 like this and we perhaps let them 3586 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:27,240 like this and we perhaps let them run 3587 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:27,440 run out 3588 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:27,680 run out of 3589 00:25:27,680 --> 00:25:28,080 run out of our 3590 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:28,280 run out of our control. 3591 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:28,480 run out of our control. I 3592 00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:28,680 run out of our control. I mean, 3593 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:28,960 run out of our control. I mean, the 3594 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:29,200 run out of our control. I mean, the world 3595 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:29,480 world is 3596 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:29,760 world is changing, 3597 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:30,000 world is changing, the 3598 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:30,280 world is changing, the digital 3599 00:25:30,280 --> 00:25:30,520 world is changing, the digital world, 3600 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,720 world, with 3601 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:31,080 world, with blogs 3602 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:31,320 world, with blogs and 3603 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:31,520 world, with blogs and tweets 3604 00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:31,720 world, with blogs and tweets and 3605 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:31,960 world, with blogs and tweets and so 3606 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:37,800 world, with blogs and tweets and so on. 3607 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:38,080 on. We're 3608 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:38,320 on. We're perhaps 3609 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:38,600 on. We're perhaps not 3610 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:38,840 on. We're perhaps not able 3611 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:39,160 on. We're perhaps not able to 3612 00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:39,440 on. We're perhaps not able to deal 3613 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:39,640 on. We're perhaps not able to deal with 3614 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:39,840 with that, 3615 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:40,040 with that, to 3616 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:40,280 with that, to cope 3617 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:40,680 with that, to cope with 3618 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:40,880 with that, to cope with a 3619 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:41,080 with that, to cope with a sort 3620 00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:41,360 with that, to cope with a sort of 3621 00:25:41,360 --> 00:25:41,600 with that, to cope with a sort of maelstrom 3622 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:41,840 maelstrom of 3623 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:42,080 maelstrom of media 3624 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:42,440 maelstrom of media attention 3625 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:42,680 maelstrom of media attention that 3626 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:42,920 maelstrom of media attention that fell 3627 00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:43,080 fell upon 3628 00:25:43,080 --> 00:25:43,320 fell upon UEA 3629 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:43,520 fell upon UEA during 3630 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:43,920 fell upon UEA during this 3631 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:44,120 fell upon UEA during this event. 3632 00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:44,360 fell upon UEA during this event. I 3633 00:25:44,360 --> 00:25:44,560 fell upon UEA during this event. I think 3634 00:25:44,560 --> 00:25:44,840 think there's 3635 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:45,040 think there's something 3636 00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:45,320 think there's something to 3637 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:45,680 think there's something to be 3638 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:45,920 think there's something to be learnt 3639 00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:46,160 learnt here, 3640 00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:46,360 learnt here, we've 3641 00:25:46,360 --> 00:25:46,560 learnt here, we've got 3642 00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:46,760 learnt here, we've got to 3643 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:47,160 learnt here, we've got to think 3644 00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:47,360 learnt here, we've got to think about 3645 00:25:47,360 --> 00:25:47,560 about how 3646 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:47,800 about how we 3647 00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:48,080 about how we defend 3648 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:48,320 about how we defend our 3649 00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:48,760 about how we defend our science, 3650 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:48,880 about how we defend our science, how 3651 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:49,160 how we 3652 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:49,400 how we project 3653 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:49,600 how we project ourselves 3654 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:49,800 how we project ourselves to 3655 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:50,200 how we project ourselves to the 3656 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:58,120 how we project ourselves to the public. 3657 00:25:58,120 --> 00:25:58,320 public. In 3658 00:25:58,320 --> 00:25:58,520 In the 3659 00:25:58,520 --> 00:25:58,760 In the end, 3660 00:25:58,760 --> 00:25:59,160 In the end, the 3661 00:25:59,160 --> 00:25:59,360 In the end, the integrity 3662 00:25:59,360 --> 00:25:59,560 In the end, the integrity of 3663 00:25:59,560 --> 00:25:59,800 In the end, the integrity of climate 3664 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:00,080 climate science 3665 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:00,360 climate science was 3666 00:26:00,360 --> 00:26:00,600 climate science was not 3667 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:00,880 climate science was not faulted, 3668 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:01,160 climate science was not faulted, but 3669 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:01,360 but somehow 3670 00:26:01,360 --> 00:26:01,600 but somehow a 3671 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:01,800 but somehow a leak 3672 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:02,200 but somehow a leak of 3673 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:02,400 but somehow a leak of some 3674 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:02,600 but somehow a leak of some 10 3675 00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:02,800 but somehow a leak of some 10 year 3676 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:03,000 but somehow a leak of some 10 year old 3677 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:03,280 old emails 3678 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:03,600 old emails did 3679 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:03,840 old emails did real 3680 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:04,080 old emails did real damage 3681 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:04,360 old emails did real damage to 3682 00:26:04,360 --> 00:26:04,640 old emails did real damage to its 3683 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:06,640 old emails did real damage to its reputation. 3684 00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:06,880 reputation. In 3685 00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:07,200 reputation. In all 3686 00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:07,440 reputation. In all the 3687 00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:07,680 reputation. In all the clamour, 3688 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:07,880 reputation. In all the clamour, the 3689 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:08,080 reputation. In all the clamour, the science 3690 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:08,280 science seems 3691 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:08,720 science seems to 3692 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:08,880 science seems to have 3693 00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:09,080 science seems to have been 3694 00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:09,360 science seems to have been left 3695 00:26:09,360 --> 00:26:10,560 science seems to have been left behind. 3696 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:10,760 behind. I 3697 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:11,040 I have 3698 00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:11,280 I have come 3699 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:11,520 I have come to 3700 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:11,840 I have come to meet 3701 00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:12,120 I have come to meet James 3702 00:26:12,120 --> 00:26:12,360 I have come to meet James Delingpole, 3703 00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:12,560 Delingpole, one 3704 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:12,760 Delingpole, one of 3705 00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:12,960 Delingpole, one of those 3706 00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:13,360 Delingpole, one of those who 3707 00:26:13,360 --> 00:26:13,600 Delingpole, one of those who led 3708 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:13,760 Delingpole, one of those who led the 3709 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:18,440 the campaign. 3710 00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:18,680 the campaign. I 3711 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:18,960 the campaign. I want 3712 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:19,160 the campaign. I want to 3713 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:19,520 the campaign. I want to tell 3714 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:19,720 the campaign. I want to tell you 3715 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:20,040 the campaign. I want to tell you a 3716 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:20,280 the campaign. I want to tell you a story 3717 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:20,480 story about 3718 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:20,680 story about something 3719 00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:21,080 story about something extraordinary 3720 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:21,280 story about something extraordinary that 3721 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:21,480 that happened 3722 00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:21,680 that happened to 3723 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:21,920 that happened to me 3724 00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:22,200 that happened to me late 3725 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:22,480 that happened to me late last 3726 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:24,520 that happened to me late last year. 3727 00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:24,720 that happened to me late last year. It 3728 00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:25,040 It was 3729 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:25,240 It was an 3730 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:25,520 It was an ordinary 3731 00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:25,800 It was an ordinary Thursday 3732 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:26,120 It was an ordinary Thursday morning 3733 00:26:26,120 --> 00:26:26,280 It was an ordinary Thursday morning and 3734 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:26,560 and I 3735 00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:26,760 and I was 3736 00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:26,960 and I was sitting 3737 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:27,400 and I was sitting at 3738 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:27,600 and I was sitting at my 3739 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:27,800 and I was sitting at my desk, 3740 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:28,000 and I was sitting at my desk, and 3741 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:28,240 and I was sitting at my desk, and into 3742 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:28,480 into my 3743 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:28,800 into my lap 3744 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:29,040 into my lap fell 3745 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:29,320 into my lap fell the 3746 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:29,560 into my lap fell the story 3747 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:29,800 into my lap fell the story that 3748 00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:30,000 into my lap fell the story that would 3749 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:30,360 would change 3750 00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:30,600 would change my 3751 00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:30,840 would change my life 3752 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:31,040 would change my life and 3753 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:31,240 would change my life and quite 3754 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:31,440 would change my life and quite possibly 3755 00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:31,840 possibly save 3756 00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:32,040 possibly save western 3757 00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:32,280 possibly save western civilisation 3758 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:32,560 possibly save western civilisation from 3759 00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:32,760 from the 3760 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:33,000 from the greatest 3761 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:33,320 from the greatest threat 3762 00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:33,560 from the greatest threat it 3763 00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:33,840 from the greatest threat it has 3764 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:34,080 from the greatest threat it has ever 3765 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:44,840 ever known. 3766 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:45,240 ever known. That 3767 00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:45,880 ever known. That story? 3768 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:52,840 ever known. That story? Climategate. 3769 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:53,120 ever known. That story? Climategate. Sir 3770 00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:53,400 Sir Paul. 3771 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:53,680 Sir Paul. Hello, 3772 00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:53,920 Sir Paul. Hello, you 3773 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:54,240 Sir Paul. Hello, you must 3774 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:54,440 Sir Paul. Hello, you must be 3775 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:55,240 Sir Paul. Hello, you must be James. 3776 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:55,400 Sir Paul. Hello, you must be James. Pleased 3777 00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:55,600 Pleased to 3778 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:56,000 Pleased to meet 3779 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:56,240 Pleased to meet you. 3780 00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:56,440 Pleased to meet you. Do 3781 00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:56,680 Pleased to meet you. Do call 3782 00:26:56,680 --> 00:26:56,960 Pleased to meet you. Do call me 3783 00:26:56,960 --> 00:26:57,240 Pleased to meet you. Do call me Paul, 3784 00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:58,880 Paul, though. 3785 00:26:58,880 --> 00:26:59,080 Paul, though. James 3786 00:26:59,080 --> 00:26:59,440 James Delingpole 3787 00:26:59,440 --> 00:26:59,680 James Delingpole is 3788 00:26:59,680 --> 00:26:59,880 James Delingpole is an 3789 00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:00,120 James Delingpole is an online 3790 00:27:00,120 --> 00:27:00,280 James Delingpole is an online journalist 3791 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:00,560 journalist for 3792 00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:00,880 journalist for the 3793 00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:01,120 journalist for the Telegraph 3794 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:02,240 journalist for the Telegraph newspaper. 3795 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:02,520 newspaper. He 3796 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:02,800 newspaper. He picked 3797 00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:03,040 newspaper. He picked up 3798 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:03,280 newspaper. He picked up the 3799 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:03,560 newspaper. He picked up the leaked 3800 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:03,760 newspaper. He picked up the leaked emails 3801 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:04,120 emails from 3802 00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:04,360 emails from a 3803 00:27:04,360 --> 00:27:04,560 emails from a denier's 3804 00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:04,760 emails from a denier's website, 3805 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:05,000 emails from a denier's website, and 3806 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:05,200 emails from a denier's website, and ran 3807 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:05,560 ran with 3808 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:05,760 ran with it 3809 00:27:05,760 --> 00:27:06,000 ran with it on 3810 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:06,280 ran with it on his 3811 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:06,520 ran with it on his Telegraph 3812 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:06,800 ran with it on his Telegraph blog 3813 00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:07,080 ran with it on his Telegraph blog under 3814 00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:07,320 under the 3815 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:07,560 under the name 3816 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:09,640 under the name Climategate. 3817 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:09,840 under the name Climategate. That 3818 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:10,040 under the name Climategate. That week, 3819 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:10,400 week, his 3820 00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:10,640 week, his page 3821 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:10,840 week, his page got 3822 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:11,040 week, his page got an 3823 00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:11,320 week, his page got an extraordinary 3824 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:11,520 week, his page got an extraordinary 1.5 3825 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:11,880 1.5 million 3826 00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:15,520 1.5 million hits. 3827 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:15,720 1.5 million hits. Well, 3828 00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:16,120 Well, the 3829 00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:16,320 Well, the suggestion 3830 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:16,520 Well, the suggestion of 3831 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:16,760 Well, the suggestion of the 3832 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:17,000 Well, the suggestion of the scientists 3833 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:17,240 scientists in 3834 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:17,480 scientists in the 3835 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:17,840 scientists in the climate 3836 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:18,080 scientists in the climate gate 3837 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:18,320 scientists in the climate gate emails 3838 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:18,560 emails was 3839 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:18,760 emails was that 3840 00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:19,000 emails was that you 3841 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:19,400 emails was that you hide 3842 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:19,600 emails was that you hide the 3843 00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:19,760 emails was that you hide the decline, 3844 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:20,000 decline, using 3845 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:20,200 decline, using Mike's 3846 00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:20,440 decline, using Mike's nature 3847 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:20,800 decline, using Mike's nature trick, 3848 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:21,040 decline, using Mike's nature trick, which 3849 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:21,280 which I 3850 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:21,520 which I think 3851 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:21,840 which I think is 3852 00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:22,040 which I think is some 3853 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:22,320 which I think is some sort 3854 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:22,600 which I think is some sort of 3855 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:25,920 which I think is some sort of fudge. 3856 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:26,120 which I think is some sort of fudge. This 3857 00:27:26,120 --> 00:27:26,440 This very 3858 00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:26,640 This very fact 3859 00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:26,880 This very fact of 3860 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:27,200 This very fact of splicing 3861 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:27,520 This very fact of splicing two 3862 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:27,720 This very fact of splicing two different 3863 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:27,920 different sorts 3864 00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:28,120 different sorts of 3865 00:27:28,120 --> 00:27:28,320 different sorts of data 3866 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:28,720 different sorts of data together 3867 00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:28,920 different sorts of data together on 3868 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:29,120 different sorts of data together on a 3869 00:27:29,120 --> 00:27:29,400 a graph, 3870 00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:29,600 a graph, apples 3871 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:29,880 a graph, apples and 3872 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:30,200 a graph, apples and oranges, 3873 00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:30,440 a graph, apples and oranges, scientists 3874 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:30,720 scientists don't 3875 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:30,920 scientists don't do 3876 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:31,160 scientists don't do that, 3877 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:31,400 scientists don't do that, they 3878 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:31,560 scientists don't do that, they don't 3879 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:31,960 don't try 3880 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:32,200 don't try to 3881 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:32,400 don't try to hide 3882 00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:32,600 don't try to hide the 3883 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:32,920 don't try to hide the decline 3884 00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:33,200 don't try to hide the decline by 3885 00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:33,440 don't try to hide the decline by using 3886 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:33,720 using Mike's 3887 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:33,920 using Mike's nature 3888 00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:41,120 using Mike's nature trick. 3889 00:27:41,120 --> 00:27:41,320 using Mike's nature trick. What 3890 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:41,560 using Mike's nature trick. What they 3891 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:41,840 they do 3892 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:42,080 they do is 3893 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:42,400 they do is they 3894 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:42,640 they do is they admit 3895 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:42,920 they do is they admit to 3896 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:43,160 they do is they admit to the 3897 00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:43,360 they do is they admit to the flaws 3898 00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:43,560 they do is they admit to the flaws in 3899 00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:43,960 in their 3900 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:44,160 in their data, 3901 00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:44,360 in their data, and 3902 00:27:44,360 --> 00:27:44,560 in their data, and don't 3903 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:44,800 in their data, and don't try 3904 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:45,160 in their data, and don't try and 3905 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:45,400 in their data, and don't try and disguise 3906 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:45,640 disguise that 3907 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:49,040 disguise that fact. 3908 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:49,400 disguise that fact. James 3909 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:49,640 James told 3910 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:49,840 James told me 3911 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:50,040 James told me the 3912 00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:50,440 James told me the independent 3913 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:50,680 James told me the independent enquiries 3914 00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:50,880 enquiries into 3915 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:51,080 enquiries into what 3916 00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:51,280 enquiries into what happened 3917 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:51,560 enquiries into what happened at 3918 00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:51,920 enquiries into what happened at CRU 3919 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:52,120 enquiries into what happened at CRU were 3920 00:27:52,120 --> 00:27:52,400 were a 3921 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:57,960 were a whitewash'. 3922 00:27:57,960 --> 00:27:58,200 were a whitewash'. He 3923 00:27:58,200 --> 00:27:58,480 were a whitewash'. He also 3924 00:27:58,480 --> 00:27:58,760 were a whitewash'. He also said 3925 00:27:58,760 --> 00:27:58,960 were a whitewash'. He also said scientists 3926 00:27:58,960 --> 00:27:59,280 scientists fall 3927 00:27:59,280 --> 00:27:59,520 scientists fall too 3928 00:27:59,520 --> 00:27:59,800 scientists fall too easily 3929 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:00,000 scientists fall too easily into 3930 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:00,200 scientists fall too easily into a 3931 00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:00,400 scientists fall too easily into a 'consensus' 3932 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:00,800 'consensus' and 3933 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:01,040 'consensus' and fail 3934 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:01,240 'consensus' and fail to 3935 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:01,440 'consensus' and fail to be 3936 00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:01,680 'consensus' and fail to be critical 3937 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:01,960 'consensus' and fail to be critical enough 3938 00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:02,160 enough of 3939 00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:02,520 enough of the 3940 00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:04,080 enough of the data. 3941 00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:04,480 enough of the data. I've 3942 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:04,680 I've been 3943 00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:04,880 I've been following 3944 00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:05,120 I've been following this 3945 00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:05,280 I've been following this Climategate 3946 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:05,560 Climategate story 3947 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:05,880 Climategate story very 3948 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:06,160 Climategate story very closely 3949 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:06,360 Climategate story very closely for 3950 00:28:06,360 --> 00:28:06,640 Climategate story very closely for the 3951 00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:06,880 the last 3952 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:09,560 the last year. 3953 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:09,760 the last year. And 3954 00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:10,160 the last year. And I 3955 00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:10,360 the last year. And I think 3956 00:28:10,360 --> 00:28:10,640 the last year. And I think that 3957 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:10,840 the last year. And I think that what 3958 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:11,120 what is 3959 00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:11,360 what is being 3960 00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:11,600 what is being done 3961 00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:11,960 what is being done in 3962 00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:12,200 what is being done in the 3963 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:12,400 what is being done in the name 3964 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:12,640 what is being done in the name of 3965 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:12,800 what is being done in the name of science, 3966 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:13,120 science, the 3967 00:28:13,120 --> 00:28:13,400 science, the consensus 3968 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:13,600 science, the consensus is 3969 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:13,840 science, the consensus is essentially 3970 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:14,120 essentially advancing 3971 00:28:14,120 --> 00:28:14,360 essentially advancing a 3972 00:28:14,360 --> 00:28:14,640 essentially advancing a political 3973 00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:14,880 essentially advancing a political agenda, 3974 00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:15,200 agenda, and 3975 00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:15,400 agenda, and that 3976 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:15,640 agenda, and that political 3977 00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:15,880 agenda, and that political agenda 3978 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:16,040 agenda, and that political agenda has 3979 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:16,480 has much 3980 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:16,640 has much more 3981 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:16,880 has much more to 3982 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:17,080 has much more to do 3983 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:17,320 has much more to do with 3984 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:17,640 has much more to do with control, 3985 00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:17,920 has much more to do with control, with 3986 00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:18,160 with governments 3987 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:18,400 with governments intruding 3988 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:18,680 with governments intruding further 3989 00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:18,920 with governments intruding further into 3990 00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:19,120 into our 3991 00:28:19,120 --> 00:28:19,480 into our lives 3992 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:19,720 into our lives Consensus 3993 00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:19,920 into our lives Consensus can 3994 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:20,120 into our lives Consensus can be 3995 00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:20,320 into our lives Consensus can be used 3996 00:28:20,320 --> 00:28:20,560 used like 3997 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:20,920 used like a 3998 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:21,120 used like a dirty 3999 00:28:21,120 --> 00:28:30,880 used like a dirty word. 4000 00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:31,080 used like a dirty word. Consensus 4001 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:31,360 used like a dirty word. Consensus is 4002 00:28:31,360 --> 00:28:31,560 is actually 4003 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:31,840 is actually the 4004 00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:32,120 is actually the position 4005 00:28:32,120 --> 00:28:32,320 is actually the position of 4006 00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:32,720 is actually the position of the 4007 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:32,920 is actually the position of the experts 4008 00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:33,120 experts at 4009 00:28:33,120 --> 00:28:33,320 experts at the 4010 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:33,520 experts at the time, 4011 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:33,800 experts at the time, and 4012 00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:34,120 experts at the time, and if 4013 00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:34,360 experts at the time, and if it's 4014 00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:34,560 experts at the time, and if it's working 4015 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:34,840 working well, 4016 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:35,080 working well, it 4017 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:35,360 working well, it doesn't 4018 00:28:35,360 --> 00:28:35,680 working well, it doesn't always 4019 00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:35,920 working well, it doesn't always work 4020 00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:36,160 work well, 4021 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:36,360 work well, but 4022 00:28:36,360 --> 00:28:36,560 work well, but if 4023 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:36,760 work well, but if it's 4024 00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:37,200 work well, but if it's working 4025 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:37,400 work well, but if it's working well, 4026 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:37,600 work well, but if it's working well, they 4027 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:37,800 they evaluate 4028 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:38,040 they evaluate the 4029 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:38,320 they evaluate the evidence, 4030 00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:38,600 they evaluate the evidence, you 4031 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:38,840 they evaluate the evidence, you make 4032 00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:39,080 make your 4033 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:39,320 make your reputation 4034 00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:39,600 make your reputation in 4035 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:39,800 make your reputation in science 4036 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:40,200 make your reputation in science by 4037 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:40,440 make your reputation in science by actually 4038 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:40,640 actually overturning 4039 00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:40,840 actually overturning that, 4040 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:41,040 actually overturning that, so 4041 00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:41,280 actually overturning that, so there's 4042 00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:41,640 there's a 4043 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:41,840 there's a lot 4044 00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:42,080 there's a lot of 4045 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:42,360 there's a lot of pressure 4046 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:42,600 there's a lot of pressure to 4047 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:42,840 there's a lot of pressure to do 4048 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:50,880 there's a lot of pressure to do it. 4049 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:51,080 there's a lot of pressure to do it. But 4050 00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:51,400 But if 4051 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:51,640 But if over 4052 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:51,920 But if over the 4053 00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:52,120 But if over the years, 4054 00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:52,400 But if over the years, the 4055 00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:52,640 But if over the years, the consensus 4056 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:53,000 consensus doesn't 4057 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:53,200 consensus doesn't move, 4058 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:53,440 consensus doesn't move, you 4059 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:53,640 consensus doesn't move, you have 4060 00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:53,880 consensus doesn't move, you have to 4061 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:54,040 consensus doesn't move, you have to wonder, 4062 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:54,320 wonder, is 4063 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:54,640 wonder, is the 4064 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:54,840 wonder, is the argument, 4065 00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:55,080 wonder, is the argument, is 4066 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:55,400 wonder, is the argument, is the 4067 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:55,600 wonder, is the argument, is the evidence 4068 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:55,880 evidence against 4069 00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:56,160 evidence against the 4070 00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:56,440 evidence against the consensus 4071 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:56,680 evidence against the consensus good 4072 00:28:56,680 --> 00:28:58,320 evidence against the consensus good enough? 4073 00:28:58,320 --> 00:28:58,520 enough? Science 4074 00:28:58,520 --> 00:28:58,720 enough? Science has 4075 00:28:58,720 --> 00:28:59,000 enough? Science has never 4076 00:28:59,000 --> 00:28:59,240 enough? Science has never been 4077 00:28:59,240 --> 00:28:59,480 enough? Science has never been about 4078 00:28:59,480 --> 00:28:59,800 about consensus 4079 00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:00,040 about consensus and 4080 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:00,280 about consensus and this 4081 00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:00,520 about consensus and this is 4082 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:00,720 about consensus and this is one 4083 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:00,920 about consensus and this is one of 4084 00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:01,360 about consensus and this is one of the 4085 00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:01,560 the most 4086 00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:01,760 the most despicable 4087 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:02,000 the most despicable things 4088 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:02,200 the most despicable things about 4089 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:02,520 the most despicable things about Al 4090 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:02,760 the most despicable things about Al Gore's 4091 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:03,040 Gore's so 4092 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:03,280 Gore's so called 4093 00:29:03,280 --> 00:29:04,200 Gore's so called consensus. 4094 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:04,480 Gore's so called consensus. Consensus 4095 00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:04,720 Consensus is 4096 00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:04,960 Consensus is not 4097 00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:07,640 Consensus is not science. 4098 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:07,840 Consensus is not science. I 4099 00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:08,120 Consensus is not science. I want 4100 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:08,400 Consensus is not science. I want to 4101 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:08,640 Consensus is not science. I want to give 4102 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:08,960 give an 4103 00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:09,200 give an analogy, 4104 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:09,440 give an analogy, which, 4105 00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:09,680 give an analogy, which, in 4106 00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:09,880 give an analogy, which, in a 4107 00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:10,080 give an analogy, which, in a different 4108 00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:10,480 different situation, 4109 00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:10,680 different situation, say 4110 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:10,880 different situation, say you 4111 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:11,120 different situation, say you had 4112 00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:11,320 different situation, say you had cancer 4113 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:11,640 cancer and 4114 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:11,920 cancer and you 4115 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:12,160 cancer and you went 4116 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:12,440 cancer and you went to 4117 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:12,680 cancer and you went to be 4118 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:12,920 cancer and you went to be treated, 4119 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:13,120 cancer and you went to be treated, there 4120 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:13,480 there would 4121 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:13,720 there would be 4122 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:13,960 there would be a 4123 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:14,160 there would be a consensual 4124 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:14,360 there would be a consensual position 4125 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:14,600 position on 4126 00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:14,960 position on your 4127 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:15,160 position on your treatment, 4128 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:15,400 position on your treatment, and 4129 00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:15,680 position on your treatment, and it 4130 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:15,880 position on your treatment, and it is 4131 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:16,160 is very 4132 00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:16,480 is very likely 4133 00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:16,720 is very likely that 4134 00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:16,960 is very likely that you 4135 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:17,200 is very likely that you would 4136 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:17,400 is very likely that you would follow 4137 00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:17,600 follow that 4138 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:18,000 follow that consensual 4139 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:18,240 follow that consensual treatment, 4140 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:18,400 follow that consensual treatment, because 4141 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:18,640 because you 4142 00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:18,840 because you would 4143 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:19,160 because you would trust 4144 00:29:19,160 --> 00:29:19,440 because you would trust the 4145 00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:19,720 because you would trust the clinical 4146 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:19,960 clinical scientists 4147 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:30,800 clinical scientists there. 4148 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:31,080 clinical scientists there. Now 4149 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:31,360 clinical scientists there. Now the 4150 00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:31,560 clinical scientists there. Now the analogy 4151 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:31,800 analogy is 4152 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:32,000 analogy is that 4153 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:32,240 analogy is that you 4154 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:32,640 analogy is that you could 4155 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:32,840 analogy is that you could say, 4156 00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:33,080 analogy is that you could say, well, 4157 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:33,240 analogy is that you could say, well, I've 4158 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:33,520 I've done 4159 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:33,760 I've done my 4160 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:34,080 I've done my research 4161 00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:34,280 I've done my research into 4162 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:34,560 I've done my research into it 4163 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:34,800 I've done my research into it and 4164 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:35,080 I've done my research into it and I 4165 00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:35,280 I've done my research into it and I disagree 4166 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:35,480 disagree with 4167 00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:35,880 disagree with that 4168 00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:36,080 disagree with that consensual 4169 00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:36,280 disagree with that consensual position, 4170 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:36,480 position, but 4171 00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:36,720 position, but that 4172 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:36,960 position, but that would 4173 00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:37,320 position, but that would be 4174 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:37,560 position, but that would be a 4175 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:37,840 position, but that would be a very 4176 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:38,040 position, but that would be a very unusual 4177 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:38,320 unusual position 4178 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:38,520 unusual position for 4179 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:38,840 unusual position for you 4180 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:39,120 unusual position for you to 4181 00:29:39,120 --> 00:29:39,360 unusual position for you to take. 4182 00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:39,520 unusual position for you to take. And 4183 00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:39,760 And I 4184 00:29:39,760 --> 00:29:39,920 And I think, 4185 00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:40,360 And I think, sometimes, 4186 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:40,560 And I think, sometimes, the 4187 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:40,800 And I think, sometimes, the consensual 4188 00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:41,000 consensual position 4189 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:41,280 consensual position can 4190 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:41,520 consensual position can be 4191 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:41,840 consensual position can be criticised, 4192 00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:42,080 criticised, when 4193 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:42,320 criticised, when in 4194 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:42,560 criticised, when in fact, 4195 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:42,800 criticised, when in fact, it 4196 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:43,000 criticised, when in fact, it is 4197 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:43,200 criticised, when in fact, it is mostly 4198 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:43,600 mostly likely, 4199 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:43,800 mostly likely, to 4200 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:44,000 mostly likely, to be 4201 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:44,280 mostly likely, to be the 4202 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:44,520 mostly likely, to be the correct 4203 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:49,280 mostly likely, to be the correct position? 4204 00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:52,320 I 4205 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:52,520 I don't 4206 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:52,920 I don't accept 4207 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:53,120 I don't accept your 4208 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:53,360 I don't accept your analogy, 4209 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:58,240 I don't accept your analogy, really. 4210 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:00,440 I 4211 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:00,640 I think 4212 00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:00,880 I think it's, 4213 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:01,080 I think it's, I 4214 00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:04,200 I think it's, I think... 4215 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:04,480 I think it's, I think... Look, 4216 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:04,720 I think it's, I think... Look, I 4217 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:04,920 I think it's, I think... Look, I think 4218 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:05,120 think it's 4219 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:05,520 think it's very 4220 00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:05,760 think it's very easy 4221 00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:05,960 think it's very easy to 4222 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:06,160 think it's very easy to caricature 4223 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:06,400 think it's very easy to caricature the 4224 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:06,600 the position 4225 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:06,960 the position of 4226 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:07,160 the position of climate 4227 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:07,480 the position of climate change 4228 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:07,640 the position of climate change sceptics 4229 00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:07,920 sceptics as 4230 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:08,160 sceptics as the 4231 00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:08,480 sceptics as the sort 4232 00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:08,760 sceptics as the sort of 4233 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:09,000 sceptics as the sort of people 4234 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:09,200 sceptics as the sort of people who 4235 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:09,400 sceptics as the sort of people who don't 4236 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:09,600 don't look 4237 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:10,000 don't look left 4238 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:10,200 don't look left and 4239 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:10,400 don't look left and right 4240 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:10,600 don't look left and right when 4241 00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:10,920 don't look left and right when crossing 4242 00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:11,120 crossing the 4243 00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:11,480 crossing the road, 4244 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:11,680 crossing the road, or 4245 00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:11,960 crossing the road, or who 4246 00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:12,240 crossing the road, or who think 4247 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:12,440 crossing the road, or who think that 4248 00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:12,640 that quack, 4249 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:13,000 that quack, you 4250 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:13,280 that quack, you know, 4251 00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:13,440 that quack, you know, the 4252 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:13,680 that quack, you know, the quack 4253 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:13,880 that quack, you know, the quack cure 4254 00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:14,120 cure that 4255 00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:14,480 cure that they 4256 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:14,680 cure that they have 4257 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:14,920 cure that they have invented 4258 00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:15,200 cure that they have invented for 4259 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:15,480 cure that they have invented for cancer 4260 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:15,680 cancer is 4261 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:15,880 cancer is just 4262 00:30:15,880 --> 00:30:16,280 cancer is just as 4263 00:30:16,280 --> 00:30:16,480 cancer is just as valid 4264 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:16,720 cancer is just as valid as 4265 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:16,920 cancer is just as valid as the 4266 00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:17,120 cancer is just as valid as the one 4267 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:17,360 cancer is just as valid as the one chosen 4268 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:17,720 chosen by 4269 00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:17,920 chosen by the 4270 00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:18,160 chosen by the medical 4271 00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:18,440 chosen by the medical establishment. 4272 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:18,680 chosen by the medical establishment. I 4273 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:18,960 I think 4274 00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:19,200 I think it 4275 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:19,480 I think it is 4276 00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:19,720 I think it is something 4277 00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:19,960 I think it is something altogether 4278 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:20,160 I think it is something altogether different. 4279 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:20,360 different. And 4280 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:20,760 different. And I 4281 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:20,960 different. And I do 4282 00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:21,160 different. And I do slightly 4283 00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:21,400 different. And I do slightly resent 4284 00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:21,640 different. And I do slightly resent the 4285 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:21,880 the way 4286 00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:22,200 the way that 4287 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:22,440 the way that you're 4288 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:22,720 the way that you're bringing 4289 00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:23,000 the way that you're bringing in 4290 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:23,200 the way that you're bringing in that 4291 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:28,000 that analogy. 4292 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:28,240 that analogy. For 4293 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:28,480 that analogy. For many, 4294 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:28,680 that analogy. For many, the 4295 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:28,880 that analogy. For many, the Climategate 4296 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:29,080 Climategate debacle 4297 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:29,520 Climategate debacle is 4298 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:29,720 Climategate debacle is the 4299 00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:29,920 Climategate debacle is the embodiment 4300 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:30,120 embodiment of 4301 00:30:30,120 --> 00:30:30,400 embodiment of our 4302 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:30,640 embodiment of our current 4303 00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:30,960 embodiment of our current relationship 4304 00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:31,160 relationship with 4305 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:33,560 relationship with science. 4306 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:33,800 relationship with science. The 4307 00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:34,080 relationship with science. The anger 4308 00:30:34,080 --> 00:30:34,400 anger it 4309 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:34,640 anger it generated 4310 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:34,880 anger it generated reveals 4311 00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:35,160 anger it generated reveals the 4312 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:35,400 anger it generated reveals the tensions, 4313 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:35,600 tensions, and 4314 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:35,960 tensions, and the 4315 00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:36,200 tensions, and the widely 4316 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:36,440 tensions, and the widely divergent 4317 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:36,600 tensions, and the widely divergent views, 4318 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:36,800 views, that 4319 00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:37,080 views, that exist 4320 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:37,440 views, that exist on 4321 00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:37,640 views, that exist on both 4322 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:37,840 views, that exist on both sides 4323 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:38,160 views, that exist on both sides of 4324 00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:38,360 views, that exist on both sides of the 4325 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,920 the debate. 4326 00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:43,120 And 4327 00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:43,320 And through 4328 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:43,560 And through all 4329 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:43,800 And through all this 4330 00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:44,120 And through all this noise, 4331 00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:44,400 And through all this noise, people 4332 00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:44,640 And through all this noise, people are 4333 00:30:44,640 --> 00:30:44,880 are left 4334 00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:45,120 are left to 4335 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:45,360 are left to try 4336 00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:45,640 are left to try and 4337 00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:45,960 are left to try and make 4338 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:46,160 are left to try and make sense 4339 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:46,400 are left to try and make sense of 4340 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:46,560 are left to try and make sense of it 4341 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:57,040 it all. 4342 00:30:57,040 --> 00:30:57,280 it all. Good 4343 00:30:57,280 --> 00:30:58,360 it all. Good morning. 4344 00:30:58,360 --> 00:30:59,320 it all. Good morning. Could 4345 00:30:59,320 --> 00:30:59,560 it all. Good morning. Could I 4346 00:30:59,560 --> 00:30:59,760 it all. Good morning. Could I have 4347 00:30:59,760 --> 00:30:59,960 it all. Good morning. Could I have at 4348 00:30:59,960 --> 00:31:00,160 at times 4349 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:00,400 at times and 4350 00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:00,600 at times and an 4351 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:00,800 at times and an independent, 4352 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:01,800 at times and an independent, please? 4353 00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:02,000 please? I 4354 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:02,200 please? I think 4355 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:02,400 please? I think the 4356 00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:02,800 please? I think the public 4357 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:03,000 please? I think the public have 4358 00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:03,240 please? I think the public have got 4359 00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:03,440 please? I think the public have got every 4360 00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:03,680 every right 4361 00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:03,960 every right to 4362 00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:04,240 every right to feel 4363 00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:04,520 every right to feel confused 4364 00:31:04,520 --> 00:31:04,760 every right to feel confused about 4365 00:31:04,760 --> 00:31:05,000 every right to feel confused about the 4366 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:05,240 the reporting 4367 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:05,480 the reporting of 4368 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:05,840 the reporting of science 4369 00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:06,080 the reporting of science in 4370 00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:06,280 the reporting of science in the 4371 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:06,480 the reporting of science in the media. 4372 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:06,680 media. Let 4373 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:06,920 media. Let me 4374 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:07,280 media. Let me just 4375 00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:07,480 media. Let me just show 4376 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:07,760 media. Let me just show you 4377 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:07,960 media. Let me just show you some 4378 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:08,240 media. Let me just show you some reports 4379 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:08,520 reports of 4380 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:08,800 reports of different 4381 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:09,080 reports of different scientific 4382 00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:16,840 reports of different scientific issues. 4383 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:17,240 issues. Starting 4384 00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:17,440 issues. Starting with 4385 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:17,680 issues. Starting with Climategate, 4386 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:17,840 issues. Starting with Climategate, the 4387 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:18,080 the Daily 4388 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:18,360 the Daily Mail 4389 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:18,640 the Daily Mail reporting 4390 00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:18,920 the Daily Mail reporting this 4391 00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:19,200 the Daily Mail reporting this issue 4392 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:19,400 the Daily Mail reporting this issue concludes 4393 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:19,680 concludes in 4394 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:19,880 concludes in its 4395 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:20,080 concludes in its headline, 4396 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:20,480 concludes in its headline, "Secretive 4397 00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:20,680 "Secretive and 4398 00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:20,880 "Secretive and unhelpful, 4399 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:21,080 "Secretive and unhelpful, but 4400 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:21,360 "Secretive and unhelpful, but scientist 4401 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:21,560 scientist in 4402 00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:21,920 scientist in Climategate 4403 00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:22,160 scientist in Climategate storm 4404 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:22,400 scientist in Climategate storm still 4405 00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:22,640 still gets 4406 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:22,880 still gets his 4407 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:23,120 still gets his job 4408 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:24,920 still gets his job back". 4409 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:25,160 still gets his job back". Completely 4410 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:25,360 Completely different 4411 00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:25,560 Completely different tone 4412 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:26,000 Completely different tone about 4413 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:26,160 Completely different tone about this 4414 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:26,360 this news 4415 00:31:26,360 --> 00:31:26,560 this news item 4416 00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:26,880 this news item in 4417 00:31:26,880 --> 00:31:27,040 this news item in the 4418 00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:27,400 this news item in the Guardian. 4419 00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:27,640 this news item in the Guardian. "Climategate 4420 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:27,880 "Climategate scientists 4421 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:28,080 "Climategate scientists cleared 4422 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:28,400 "Climategate scientists cleared of 4423 00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:28,600 "Climategate scientists cleared of manipulating 4424 00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:28,920 manipulating data 4425 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:29,200 manipulating data on 4426 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:29,440 manipulating data on global 4427 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:31,640 manipulating data on global warming". 4428 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:31,840 warming". It 4429 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:32,080 warming". It is 4430 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:32,480 warming". It is difficult 4431 00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:32,680 warming". It is difficult to 4432 00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:32,920 warming". It is difficult to imagine 4433 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:33,160 imagine it 4434 00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:33,400 imagine it is 4435 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:33,680 imagine it is reporting 4436 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:33,960 imagine it is reporting the 4437 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:34,240 imagine it is reporting the same 4438 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:35,080 imagine it is reporting the same thing. 4439 00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:35,320 thing. But 4440 00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:35,520 thing. But it 4441 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:35,720 thing. But it is 4442 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:35,960 thing. But it is not 4443 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:36,240 thing. But it is not just 4444 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:36,560 thing. But it is not just reporting 4445 00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:36,760 thing. But it is not just reporting news 4446 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:37,000 news events 4447 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:37,280 news events to 4448 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:37,520 news events to do 4449 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:37,760 news events to do with 4450 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:38,080 news events to do with science, 4451 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:38,400 news events to do with science, but 4452 00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:38,560 news events to do with science, but the 4453 00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:38,760 the science 4454 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,240 the science itself. 4455 00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:41,440 the science itself. Let's 4456 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:41,760 the science itself. Let's have 4457 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:42,040 the science itself. Let's have a 4458 00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:42,280 the science itself. Let's have a look 4459 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:42,560 look at 4460 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:42,800 look at what 4461 00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:43,040 look at what the 4462 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:43,240 look at what the Daily 4463 00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:43,440 look at what the Daily Express 4464 00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:43,840 look at what the Daily Express is 4465 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:44,040 look at what the Daily Express is saying 4466 00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:44,240 saying here, 4467 00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:44,440 saying here, for 4468 00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:44,720 saying here, for example, 4469 00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:45,000 saying here, for example, about 4470 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:45,320 saying here, for example, about the 4471 00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:45,520 saying here, for example, about the effect 4472 00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:45,800 effect of 4473 00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:46,000 effect of the 4474 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:46,280 effect of the sun 4475 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:46,480 effect of the sun on 4476 00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:46,680 effect of the sun on global 4477 00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:51,000 effect of the sun on global warming. 4478 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:51,280 effect of the sun on global warming. They 4479 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:51,480 They have 4480 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:51,760 They have their 4481 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:52,080 They have their provocative 4482 00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:52,320 They have their provocative headline, 4483 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:52,560 headline, "What 4484 00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:52,800 headline, "What a 4485 00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:52,960 headline, "What a climate 4486 00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,040 headline, "What a climate con." 4487 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:55,200 headline, "What a climate con." but 4488 00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:55,440 headline, "What a climate con." but specifically 4489 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:55,680 specifically they 4490 00:31:55,680 --> 00:31:55,960 specifically they say 4491 00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:56,240 specifically they say here 4492 00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:56,520 specifically they say here that 4493 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:56,800 specifically they say here that the 4494 00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:57,000 specifically they say here that the sun 4495 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:57,240 sun is 4496 00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:57,440 sun is the 4497 00:31:57,440 --> 00:31:57,880 sun is the major 4498 00:31:57,880 --> 00:31:58,080 sun is the major cause 4499 00:31:58,080 --> 00:31:58,280 sun is the major cause of 4500 00:31:58,280 --> 00:31:58,480 sun is the major cause of temperature 4501 00:31:58,480 --> 00:31:58,680 temperature variation 4502 00:31:58,680 --> 00:31:58,960 temperature variation and 4503 00:31:58,960 --> 00:31:59,280 temperature variation and sun 4504 00:31:59,280 --> 00:31:59,520 temperature variation and sun spots 4505 00:31:59,520 --> 00:31:59,760 temperature variation and sun spots in 4506 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:01,480 in particular. 4507 00:32:01,480 --> 00:32:01,800 in particular. If 4508 00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:02,040 in particular. If we 4509 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:02,280 in particular. If we now 4510 00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:02,520 in particular. If we now look 4511 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:02,760 in particular. If we now look at 4512 00:32:02,760 --> 00:32:02,960 in particular. If we now look at the 4513 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:03,360 the Independent, 4514 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:03,560 the Independent, almost 4515 00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:03,760 the Independent, almost the 4516 00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:04,000 the Independent, almost the same 4517 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:04,200 the Independent, almost the same day 4518 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:04,480 day we 4519 00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:04,720 day we have, 4520 00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:05,080 day we have, "Sunspots 4521 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:05,280 day we have, "Sunspots do 4522 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:05,560 day we have, "Sunspots do not 4523 00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:05,800 day we have, "Sunspots do not cause 4524 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:06,000 day we have, "Sunspots do not cause climate 4525 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:06,200 climate change, 4526 00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:06,600 climate change, say 4527 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,120 climate change, say scientists". 4528 00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:08,440 climate change, say scientists". I 4529 00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:08,680 climate change, say scientists". I mean, 4530 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:08,920 mean, what 4531 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:09,160 mean, what is 4532 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:09,440 mean, what is going 4533 00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:09,680 mean, what is going on 4534 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:09,960 mean, what is going on here? 4535 00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:10,200 mean, what is going on here? This 4536 00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:10,480 mean, what is going on here? This is 4537 00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:10,640 is just 4538 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:11,040 is just reporting 4539 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:11,280 is just reporting science 4540 00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:11,480 is just reporting science coming 4541 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:11,680 is just reporting science coming to 4542 00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:11,880 is just reporting science coming to completely 4543 00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:12,120 completely different 4544 00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:12,520 completely different conclusions. 4545 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:12,880 completely different conclusions. It's 4546 00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:13,080 It's not 4547 00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:13,280 It's not surprising 4548 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:13,520 It's not surprising that 4549 00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:13,760 It's not surprising that the 4550 00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:14,040 It's not surprising that the public 4551 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:14,240 It's not surprising that the public are 4552 00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:14,560 are confused 4553 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:14,800 are confused reading 4554 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:15,080 are confused reading all 4555 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:15,320 are confused reading all of 4556 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:15,560 are confused reading all of this 4557 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:15,720 are confused reading all of this different 4558 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:26,200 different stuff. 4559 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:26,560 different stuff. There 4560 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:26,800 different stuff. There are 4561 00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:27,040 different stuff. There are these 4562 00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:27,280 different stuff. There are these lurid 4563 00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:27,520 lurid headlines, 4564 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:27,720 lurid headlines, and 4565 00:32:27,720 --> 00:32:28,040 lurid headlines, and there 4566 00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:28,360 lurid headlines, and there are 4567 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:28,520 lurid headlines, and there are political 4568 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:28,720 political opinions 4569 00:32:28,720 --> 00:32:28,920 political opinions filtering 4570 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:29,160 political opinions filtering through 4571 00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:29,440 through which 4572 00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:29,760 through which probably 4573 00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:30,000 through which probably reflects 4574 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:30,240 through which probably reflects editorial 4575 00:32:30,240 --> 00:32:30,480 editorial policy 4576 00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:30,720 editorial policy within 4577 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:31,080 editorial policy within the 4578 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:32,840 editorial policy within the newspapers. 4579 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:33,080 newspapers. And 4580 00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:33,320 newspapers. And we 4581 00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:33,560 newspapers. And we get 4582 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:33,840 newspapers. And we get an 4583 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:34,200 newspapers. And we get an unholy 4584 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:34,360 newspapers. And we get an unholy mix 4585 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:34,600 mix of 4586 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:34,840 mix of the 4587 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:35,040 mix of the media 4588 00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:35,440 mix of the media and 4589 00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:35,640 mix of the media and the 4590 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:35,840 mix of the media and the politics. 4591 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:36,040 mix of the media and the politics. And 4592 00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:36,280 And it's 4593 00:32:36,280 --> 00:32:36,520 And it's distorting 4594 00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:36,880 And it's distorting the 4595 00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:37,120 And it's distorting the proper 4596 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:37,360 And it's distorting the proper reporting 4597 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:37,600 reporting of 4598 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:37,880 reporting of science. 4599 00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:38,080 reporting of science. And 4600 00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:38,400 reporting of science. And that 4601 00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:38,640 reporting of science. And that is 4602 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:38,880 reporting of science. And that is a 4603 00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:39,120 reporting of science. And that is a real 4604 00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:39,320 real danger 4605 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:39,520 real danger for 4606 00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:39,920 real danger for us 4607 00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:40,120 real danger for us if 4608 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:40,320 real danger for us if science 4609 00:32:40,320 --> 00:32:40,560 real danger for us if science is 4610 00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:40,880 real danger for us if science is to 4611 00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:41,040 real danger for us if science is to have 4612 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:41,360 have it's 4613 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:41,640 have it's proper 4614 00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:41,920 have it's proper impact 4615 00:32:41,920 --> 00:32:42,120 have it's proper impact on 4616 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:45,920 have it's proper impact on society. 4617 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:47,680 Somehow 4618 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:47,920 Somehow science 4619 00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:48,200 Somehow science has 4620 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:48,440 Somehow science has got 4621 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:48,640 Somehow science has got to 4622 00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:49,000 Somehow science has got to get 4623 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:49,240 Somehow science has got to get through 4624 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:49,440 through all 4625 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:49,680 through all these 4626 00:32:49,680 --> 00:32:49,880 through all these competing 4627 00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,920 through all these competing agendas. 4628 00:32:55,720 --> 00:32:56,000 I 4629 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:56,280 I wonder 4630 00:32:56,280 --> 00:32:56,480 I wonder if 4631 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:56,760 I wonder if part 4632 00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:56,960 I wonder if part of 4633 00:32:56,960 --> 00:32:57,360 I wonder if part of the 4634 00:32:57,360 --> 00:32:57,600 I wonder if part of the problem 4635 00:32:57,600 --> 00:32:57,800 I wonder if part of the problem lies 4636 00:32:57,800 --> 00:32:58,000 lies with 4637 00:32:58,000 --> 00:32:58,200 lies with communicating 4638 00:32:58,200 --> 00:32:58,440 lies with communicating the 4639 00:32:58,440 --> 00:32:58,680 lies with communicating the complexities 4640 00:32:58,680 --> 00:32:59,000 complexities of 4641 00:32:59,000 --> 00:32:59,240 complexities of science, 4642 00:32:59,240 --> 00:32:59,480 complexities of science, what 4643 00:32:59,480 --> 00:32:59,720 complexities of science, what it 4644 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:00,000 complexities of science, what it is 4645 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:00,200 complexities of science, what it is we 4646 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:00,560 we understand 4647 00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:00,800 we understand what 4648 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:01,040 we understand what it 4649 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:01,240 we understand what it is 4650 00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:01,440 we understand what it is we 4651 00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:01,680 we understand what it is we don't 4652 00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:07,560 we understand what it is we don't understand. 4653 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:14,240 We're 4654 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:14,440 We're mainly 4655 00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:14,760 We're mainly taught 4656 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:15,040 We're mainly taught science 4657 00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:15,240 We're mainly taught science at 4658 00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:15,440 We're mainly taught science at school 4659 00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:15,640 school as 4660 00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:15,840 school as if 4661 00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:16,280 school as if it's 4662 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:16,480 school as if it's made 4663 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:16,680 school as if it's made up 4664 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:16,960 school as if it's made up of 4665 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:17,200 school as if it's made up of immutable 4666 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,120 immutable facts. 4667 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:19,320 immutable facts. Such 4668 00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:19,520 immutable facts. Such as 4669 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:19,800 immutable facts. Such as Einstein's 4670 00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:20,040 immutable facts. Such as Einstein's theory 4671 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:20,320 theory of 4672 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:20,600 theory of relativity 4673 00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:20,840 theory of relativity or 4674 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:21,080 theory of relativity or Newton's 4675 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:21,360 theory of relativity or Newton's Laws 4676 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:21,560 Laws of 4677 00:33:21,560 --> 00:33:26,080 Laws of Motion. 4678 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:27,240 Hi, 4679 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:27,480 Hi, how 4680 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:27,840 Hi, how are 4681 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:28,040 Hi, how are you 4682 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:31,560 Hi, how are you doing? 4683 00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:31,800 Hi, how are you doing? And 4684 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:32,120 And it 4685 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:32,360 And it was 4686 00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:32,600 And it was seeing 4687 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:32,880 And it was seeing these 4688 00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:33,120 And it was seeing these theories 4689 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:33,400 And it was seeing these theories being 4690 00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:33,640 being translated 4691 00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:33,920 being translated into 4692 00:33:33,920 --> 00:33:34,120 being translated into the 4693 00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:34,360 being translated into the real 4694 00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:34,560 being translated into the real world 4695 00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:34,960 world that 4696 00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:35,160 world that first 4697 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:35,360 world that first got 4698 00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:35,560 world that first got me 4699 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:35,840 world that first got me hooked 4700 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:36,080 world that first got me hooked as 4701 00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:36,400 world that first got me hooked as a 4702 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:37,600 world that first got me hooked as a child. 4703 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:37,800 child. One 4704 00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:38,040 child. One of 4705 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:38,320 child. One of the 4706 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:38,600 child. One of the most 4707 00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:38,880 child. One of the most exciting 4708 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:39,160 child. One of the most exciting things 4709 00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:39,440 things was 4710 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:39,640 things was seeing 4711 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:39,840 things was seeing Sputnik 4712 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:40,040 things was seeing Sputnik 2, 4713 00:33:40,040 --> 00:33:40,480 things was seeing Sputnik 2, 1957/58. 4714 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:40,720 1957/58. It 4715 00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:41,040 1957/58. It was 4716 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:41,280 1957/58. It was going 4717 00:33:41,280 --> 00:33:41,560 1957/58. It was going across 4718 00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:41,840 1957/58. It was going across the 4719 00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:42,040 1957/58. It was going across the streets 4720 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:42,280 streets of 4721 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:42,920 streets of London. 4722 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:43,160 streets of London. I 4723 00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:43,440 streets of London. I was 4724 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:43,680 streets of London. I was so 4725 00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:44,000 streets of London. I was so excited. 4726 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:44,240 streets of London. I was so excited. I 4727 00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:44,520 I was 4728 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:44,720 I was in 4729 00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:44,920 I was in my 4730 00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:45,640 I was in my pyjamas. 4731 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:45,880 I was in my pyjamas. And 4732 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:46,120 I was in my pyjamas. And I 4733 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:46,440 I was in my pyjamas. And I ran 4734 00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:46,720 I was in my pyjamas. And I ran out 4735 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:46,920 I was in my pyjamas. And I ran out and 4736 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:47,160 and saw 4737 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:47,360 and saw this 4738 00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:47,760 and saw this satellite 4739 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:47,960 and saw this satellite going 4740 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:48,160 and saw this satellite going across 4741 00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:48,400 and saw this satellite going across the 4742 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:50,600 the sky. 4743 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:50,800 the sky. Everyone 4744 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:51,000 the sky. Everyone thought 4745 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:51,240 the sky. Everyone thought I 4746 00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:51,600 the sky. Everyone thought I was 4747 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:51,800 the sky. Everyone thought I was crazy 4748 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:52,040 crazy of 4749 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:52,680 crazy of course. 4750 00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:53,040 crazy of course. But 4751 00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:53,240 crazy of course. But that 4752 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:53,480 crazy of course. But that was 4753 00:33:53,480 --> 00:33:53,760 crazy of course. But that was the 4754 00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:53,960 crazy of course. But that was the beginning 4755 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:54,240 beginning of 4756 00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:54,480 beginning of the 4757 00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:54,800 beginning of the space 4758 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:55,040 beginning of the space age 4759 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:55,280 beginning of the space age and 4760 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:55,480 beginning of the space age and I 4761 00:33:55,480 --> 00:33:55,680 beginning of the space age and I was 4762 00:33:55,680 --> 00:33:57,880 was there. 4763 00:33:57,880 --> 00:33:58,120 was there. I 4764 00:33:58,120 --> 00:33:58,320 was there. I want 4765 00:33:58,320 --> 00:33:58,720 was there. I want to 4766 00:33:58,720 --> 00:33:58,920 was there. I want to enthuse 4767 00:33:58,920 --> 00:33:59,120 was there. I want to enthuse a 4768 00:33:59,120 --> 00:33:59,360 was there. I want to enthuse a new 4769 00:33:59,360 --> 00:33:59,520 was there. I want to enthuse a new generation 4770 00:33:59,520 --> 00:33:59,760 generation with 4771 00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:00,120 generation with the 4772 00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:00,360 generation with the optimistic 4773 00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:00,600 generation with the optimistic belief 4774 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:00,840 belief that 4775 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:01,120 belief that science 4776 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:01,360 belief that science is 4777 00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:01,680 belief that science is a 4778 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:01,960 belief that science is a force 4779 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:02,160 belief that science is a force for 4780 00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:05,720 belief that science is a force for progress. 4781 00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:05,960 progress. However 4782 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:06,240 progress. However at 4783 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:06,440 progress. However at the 4784 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:06,640 progress. However at the cutting 4785 00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:06,840 progress. However at the cutting edge 4786 00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:07,240 edge of 4787 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:07,440 edge of science, 4788 00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:07,640 edge of science, where 4789 00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:07,880 edge of science, where I 4790 00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:08,160 edge of science, where I work, 4791 00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:08,480 edge of science, where I work, the 4792 00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:08,720 edge of science, where I work, the truth 4793 00:34:08,720 --> 00:34:08,960 truth is 4794 00:34:08,960 --> 00:34:09,240 truth is not 4795 00:34:09,240 --> 00:34:09,440 truth is not always 4796 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:09,680 truth is not always so 4797 00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:11,520 truth is not always so obvious. 4798 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:11,840 truth is not always so obvious. We 4799 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:12,000 truth is not always so obvious. We often 4800 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:12,320 often have 4801 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:12,520 often have to 4802 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:12,840 often have to deal 4803 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:13,080 often have to deal with 4804 00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:13,360 often have to deal with uncertainty 4805 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:13,560 often have to deal with uncertainty in 4806 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:13,760 in science 4807 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:14,160 in science but 4808 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:14,360 in science but I 4809 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:14,560 in science but I think 4810 00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:14,760 in science but I think it 4811 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:15,000 in science but I think it helps 4812 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:15,280 in science but I think it helps to 4813 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:15,520 in science but I think it helps to think 4814 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:15,840 think of 4815 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:16,080 think of uncertainty 4816 00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:16,320 think of uncertainty in 4817 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:16,600 think of uncertainty in two 4818 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:16,800 think of uncertainty in two different 4819 00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:17,000 different sorts 4820 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:17,360 different sorts of 4821 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:20,080 different sorts of ways. 4822 00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:20,360 different sorts of ways. There's 4823 00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:20,560 different sorts of ways. There's uncertainty 4824 00:34:20,560 --> 00:34:20,840 uncertainty that 4825 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:21,120 uncertainty that often 4826 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:21,400 uncertainty that often happens 4827 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:21,680 uncertainty that often happens at 4828 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:21,880 uncertainty that often happens at the 4829 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:22,080 the beginning 4830 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:22,480 the beginning of 4831 00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:22,680 the beginning of a 4832 00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:22,880 the beginning of a research 4833 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:26,040 the beginning of a research project. 4834 00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:26,240 the beginning of a research project. And 4835 00:34:26,240 --> 00:34:26,480 And we 4836 00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:26,760 And we don't 4837 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:26,960 And we don't know 4838 00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:27,160 And we don't know what's 4839 00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:27,560 And we don't know what's going 4840 00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:27,760 And we don't know what's going on. 4841 00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:27,960 And we don't know what's going on. And 4842 00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:28,160 And by 4843 00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:28,360 And by testing 4844 00:34:28,360 --> 00:34:28,640 And by testing and 4845 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:29,000 And by testing and doing 4846 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:29,200 And by testing and doing experiments, 4847 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:29,480 experiments, things 4848 00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:29,720 experiments, things get 4849 00:34:29,720 --> 00:34:29,960 experiments, things get more 4850 00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:30,200 experiments, things get more and 4851 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:30,400 experiments, things get more and more 4852 00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:30,640 more certain. 4853 00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:31,000 more certain. Knowledge 4854 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:31,240 more certain. Knowledge becomes 4855 00:34:31,240 --> 00:34:31,480 more certain. Knowledge becomes less 4856 00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:31,680 less and 4857 00:34:31,680 --> 00:34:31,960 less and less 4858 00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:34,080 less and less tentative. 4859 00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:34,320 less and less tentative. And 4860 00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:34,520 less and less tentative. And there's 4861 00:34:34,520 --> 00:34:34,840 there's another 4862 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:35,080 there's another sort 4863 00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:35,360 there's another sort of 4864 00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:35,600 there's another sort of uncertainty 4865 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:35,840 there's another sort of uncertainty which 4866 00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:36,080 which is 4867 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:36,280 which is more 4868 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:36,640 which is more probabilistic 4869 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:36,920 which is more probabilistic like 4870 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:37,120 which is more probabilistic like for 4871 00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:37,320 for example 4872 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:37,520 for example if 4873 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:37,760 for example if we 4874 00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:38,120 for example if we treat 4875 00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:38,320 for example if we treat somebody 4876 00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:38,600 for example if we treat somebody for 4877 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:38,840 for a 4878 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:39,080 for a certain 4879 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:39,360 for a certain disease, 4880 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:39,640 for a certain disease, we 4881 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:39,920 for a certain disease, we don't 4882 00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:40,160 for a certain disease, we don't know 4883 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:40,360 know whether 4884 00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:40,560 know whether that 4885 00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:40,760 know whether that individual 4886 00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:41,160 know whether that individual will 4887 00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:41,360 know whether that individual will be 4888 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:41,600 be cured 4889 00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:41,840 be cured or 4890 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:46,400 be cured or not. 4891 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:46,680 be cured or not. But 4892 00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:47,000 be cured or not. But we 4893 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:47,240 be cured or not. But we do 4894 00:34:47,240 --> 00:34:47,480 be cured or not. But we do know 4895 00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:47,680 be cured or not. But we do know probabilistically 4896 00:34:47,680 --> 00:34:47,880 probabilistically over 4897 00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:48,080 probabilistically over a 4898 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:48,480 probabilistically over a hundred 4899 00:34:48,480 --> 00:34:48,680 probabilistically over a hundred individuals 4900 00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:48,880 individuals that 4901 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:49,160 individuals that 20 4902 00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:49,400 individuals that 20 will 4903 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:49,640 individuals that 20 will and 4904 00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:50,040 individuals that 20 will and 80 4905 00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:50,200 individuals that 20 will and 80 won't 4906 00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:50,480 won't for 4907 00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:50,720 won't for example. 4908 00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:50,920 won't for example. And 4909 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:51,120 won't for example. And that 4910 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:51,520 won't for example. And that uncertainty 4911 00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:51,760 uncertainty never 4912 00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:51,920 uncertainty never goes 4913 00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:54,960 uncertainty never goes away. 4914 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:02,280 Thanks 4915 00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:02,520 Thanks to 4916 00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:02,720 Thanks to decades 4917 00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:02,920 Thanks to decades of 4918 00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:03,320 Thanks to decades of research 4919 00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:03,520 Thanks to decades of research and 4920 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:03,720 Thanks to decades of research and experimentation, 4921 00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:03,960 experimentation, our 4922 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:04,240 experimentation, our knowledge 4923 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:04,440 experimentation, our knowledge about 4924 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:04,760 about the 4925 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:05,040 about the fundamentals 4926 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:05,280 about the fundamentals of 4927 00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:05,560 about the fundamentals of climate 4928 00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:05,760 about the fundamentals of climate science 4929 00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:05,960 science has 4930 00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:06,360 science has become 4931 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:06,560 science has become less 4932 00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,600 science has become less tentative. 4933 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:10,240 But 4934 00:35:10,240 --> 00:35:10,440 But there 4935 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:10,640 But there are 4936 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:10,920 But there are uncertainties 4937 00:35:10,920 --> 00:35:11,240 But there are uncertainties that 4938 00:35:11,240 --> 00:35:11,480 But there are uncertainties that won't 4939 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:11,720 won't go 4940 00:35:11,720 --> 00:35:14,680 won't go away. 4941 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:14,920 won't go away. Especially 4942 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:15,200 won't go away. Especially in 4943 00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:15,480 won't go away. Especially in our 4944 00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:15,680 won't go away. Especially in our ability 4945 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:15,920 ability to 4946 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:16,240 ability to predict 4947 00:35:16,240 --> 00:35:16,480 ability to predict the 4948 00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:16,720 ability to predict the future, 4949 00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:16,920 ability to predict the future, where 4950 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:17,120 where scientists 4951 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:17,320 where scientists can 4952 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:17,720 where scientists can only 4953 00:35:17,720 --> 00:35:17,920 where scientists can only talk 4954 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:18,120 where scientists can only talk in 4955 00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:18,400 where scientists can only talk in terms 4956 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:18,640 terms of 4957 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:22,000 terms of probabilities. 4958 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:22,200 terms of probabilities. Does 4959 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:22,440 terms of probabilities. Does this 4960 00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:22,800 terms of probabilities. Does this uncertainty 4961 00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:23,040 uncertainty mean 4962 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:23,240 uncertainty mean that 4963 00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:23,480 uncertainty mean that the 4964 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:23,760 uncertainty mean that the science 4965 00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:24,000 uncertainty mean that the science is 4966 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,240 is flawed? 4967 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:27,880 Some 4968 00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:28,120 Some of 4969 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:28,400 Some of the 4970 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:28,680 Some of the biological 4971 00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:28,920 Some of the biological problems 4972 00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:29,200 Some of the biological problems I 4973 00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:29,440 Some of the biological problems I study 4974 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:29,680 study are 4975 00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:29,920 study are complicated 4976 00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:30,240 study are complicated and 4977 00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:30,520 study are complicated and so 4978 00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:30,760 study are complicated and so is 4979 00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:30,920 study are complicated and so is climate 4980 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:36,400 climate science. 4981 00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:43,440 Clouds, 4982 00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:43,760 Clouds, ice, 4983 00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:44,000 Clouds, ice, chemicals 4984 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:44,240 Clouds, ice, chemicals in 4985 00:35:44,240 --> 00:35:44,480 Clouds, ice, chemicals in the 4986 00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:44,760 Clouds, ice, chemicals in the air, 4987 00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:44,960 Clouds, ice, chemicals in the air, plants, 4988 00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:45,160 plants, and 4989 00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:45,520 plants, and the 4990 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:45,760 plants, and the sun 4991 00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:46,000 plants, and the sun all 4992 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:46,200 plants, and the sun all interact 4993 00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:46,400 plants, and the sun all interact with 4994 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:46,640 with one 4995 00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:47,000 with one another 4996 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:47,200 with one another to 4997 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:47,440 with one another to affect 4998 00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:47,720 with one another to affect our 4999 00:35:47,720 --> 00:35:51,840 with one another to affect our climate. 5000 00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:52,360 Clouds 5001 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:52,600 Clouds are 5002 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:52,880 Clouds are one 5003 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:53,160 Clouds are one of 5004 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:53,440 Clouds are one of the 5005 00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:53,680 Clouds are one of the most 5006 00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:53,880 Clouds are one of the most significant 5007 00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:54,080 significant of 5008 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:54,320 significant of these, 5009 00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:54,720 significant of these, yet 5010 00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:54,920 significant of these, yet also 5011 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:55,120 significant of these, yet also one 5012 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:55,320 significant of these, yet also one of 5013 00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:55,560 of the 5014 00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:55,840 of the most 5015 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:59,800 of the most complex. 5016 00:35:59,800 --> 00:35:59,960 of the most complex. Depending 5017 00:35:59,960 --> 00:36:00,200 of the most complex. Depending on 5018 00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:00,480 of the most complex. Depending on their 5019 00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:00,720 their height 5020 00:36:00,720 --> 00:36:01,000 their height and 5021 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:01,240 their height and make-up 5022 00:36:01,240 --> 00:36:01,520 their height and make-up they 5023 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:01,800 their height and make-up they can 5024 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:02,000 their height and make-up they can either 5025 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:02,200 either warm 5026 00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:02,440 either warm or 5027 00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:02,840 either warm or cool 5028 00:36:02,840 --> 00:36:03,040 either warm or cool the 5029 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,720 either warm or cool the planet. 5030 00:36:07,720 --> 00:36:07,920 either warm or cool the planet. So 5031 00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:08,120 either warm or cool the planet. So it's 5032 00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:08,360 it's difficult 5033 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:08,640 it's difficult to 5034 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:08,920 it's difficult to represent 5035 00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:09,160 it's difficult to represent them 5036 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:09,440 it's difficult to represent them correctly 5037 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:09,680 correctly in 5038 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:09,920 correctly in the 5039 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:10,160 correctly in the climate 5040 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:14,640 correctly in the climate models. 5041 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:14,960 correctly in the climate models. But 5042 00:36:14,960 --> 00:36:15,160 But if 5043 00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:15,440 But if the 5044 00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:15,640 But if the scientists 5045 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:15,840 But if the scientists don't 5046 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:16,040 But if the scientists don't get 5047 00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:16,440 But if the scientists don't get them 5048 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:16,640 them right, 5049 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:16,840 them right, then 5050 00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:17,120 them right, then quantifying 5051 00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:17,400 them right, then quantifying what 5052 00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:17,640 them right, then quantifying what the 5053 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:17,920 the temperatures 5054 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:18,160 the temperatures might 5055 00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:18,440 the temperatures might be 5056 00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:18,680 the temperatures might be in 5057 00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:18,920 the temperatures might be in the 5058 00:36:18,920 --> 00:36:19,080 the temperatures might be in the future 5059 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:19,280 future is 5060 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:19,680 future is very 5061 00:36:19,680 --> 00:36:21,920 future is very hard. 5062 00:36:23,360 --> 00:36:23,560 However, 5063 00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:23,840 However, through 5064 00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:24,160 However, through enormous 5065 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:24,440 However, through enormous amounts 5066 00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:24,600 However, through enormous amounts of 5067 00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:24,880 of data 5068 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:25,160 of data collection 5069 00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:25,440 of data collection and 5070 00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:25,720 of data collection and research 5071 00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:25,960 of data collection and research climate 5072 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:26,200 climate scientists 5073 00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:26,400 climate scientists are 5074 00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:26,800 climate scientists are becoming 5075 00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,000 climate scientists are becoming more 5076 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:27,200 more certain 5077 00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:27,400 more certain in 5078 00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:27,600 more certain in their 5079 00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:27,840 more certain in their knowledge 5080 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:28,240 more certain in their knowledge of 5081 00:36:28,240 --> 00:36:28,440 more certain in their knowledge of our 5082 00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:28,680 our climate 5083 00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:33,720 our climate system. 5084 00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:34,200 Back 5085 00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:34,480 Back at 5086 00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:34,760 Back at NASA, 5087 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:35,000 Back at NASA, Bob 5088 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:35,320 Back at NASA, Bob Bindschadler 5089 00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:35,520 Back at NASA, Bob Bindschadler showed 5090 00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:35,720 showed me 5091 00:36:35,720 --> 00:36:35,920 showed me just 5092 00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:36,360 showed me just how 5093 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:36,560 showed me just how much 5094 00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:36,760 showed me just how much progress 5095 00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:36,960 showed me just how much progress has 5096 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:37,200 has been 5097 00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:39,800 has been made. 5098 00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:40,040 has been made. Just 5099 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:40,320 has been made. Just to 5100 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:40,640 has been made. Just to emphasize 5101 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:40,840 has been made. Just to emphasize how 5102 00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:41,120 how good 5103 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:41,400 how good these 5104 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:41,640 how good these models 5105 00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:42,040 how good these models are. 5106 00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:42,240 how good these models are. Side 5107 00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:42,520 how good these models are. Side by 5108 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:42,760 how good these models are. Side by side 5109 00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:43,560 side comparison. 5110 00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:43,880 side comparison. Here 5111 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:44,040 side comparison. Here is 5112 00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:44,440 side comparison. Here is data, 5113 00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:44,680 side comparison. Here is data, actual 5114 00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:46,200 actual observations. 5115 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:46,440 actual observations. And 5116 00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:46,680 actual observations. And this 5117 00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:46,920 actual observations. And this is 5118 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:47,120 actual observations. And this is what 5119 00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:47,520 what the 5120 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:47,720 what the computer 5121 00:36:47,720 --> 00:36:47,920 what the computer is 5122 00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:50,800 what the computer is generating. 5123 00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:50,960 what the computer is generating. Predicting 5124 00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:51,160 Predicting what 5125 00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:51,520 Predicting what should 5126 00:36:51,520 --> 00:36:51,760 Predicting what should be 5127 00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:52,000 Predicting what should be happening. 5128 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:52,200 Predicting what should be happening. And 5129 00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:52,400 And you 5130 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:52,680 And you look 5131 00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:53,000 And you look at 5132 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:53,200 And you look at one, 5133 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:53,400 And you look at one, you 5134 00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:53,720 And you look at one, you look 5135 00:36:53,720 --> 00:36:53,920 And you look at one, you look at 5136 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:54,200 And you look at one, you look at the 5137 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:54,480 the other, 5138 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:54,760 the other, these 5139 00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:55,000 the other, these major 5140 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:55,240 the other, these major systems 5141 00:36:55,240 --> 00:36:55,440 the other, these major systems it's 5142 00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:56,480 the other, these major systems it's there. 5143 00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:56,760 there. These 5144 00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:56,960 there. These cumulus 5145 00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:57,280 there. These cumulus clouds 5146 00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:57,560 there. These cumulus clouds popping 5147 00:36:57,560 --> 00:36:57,800 there. These cumulus clouds popping up 5148 00:36:57,800 --> 00:36:58,040 up in 5149 00:36:58,040 --> 00:36:58,280 up in the 5150 00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:00,080 up in the tropics. 5151 00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:00,320 up in the tropics. And 5152 00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:00,520 up in the tropics. And this 5153 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:00,720 up in the tropics. And this is 5154 00:37:00,720 --> 00:37:00,960 up in the tropics. And this is all 5155 00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:01,320 up in the tropics. And this is all happening 5156 00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:01,520 happening in 5157 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:01,720 happening in the 5158 00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:01,960 happening in the same 5159 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:02,240 happening in the same time 5160 00:37:02,240 --> 00:37:05,400 happening in the same time scale. 5161 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:05,600 happening in the same time scale. But 5162 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:05,800 But one 5163 00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:06,000 But one is 5164 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:06,400 But one is just 5165 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:06,600 But one is just built 5166 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:06,800 But one is just built on 5167 00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:07,040 But one is just built on observation, 5168 00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:07,280 observation, what 5169 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:07,560 observation, what we 5170 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:07,840 observation, what we actually 5171 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:08,120 observation, what we actually see 5172 00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:08,360 observation, what we actually see and 5173 00:37:08,360 --> 00:37:08,600 and below 5174 00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:08,840 and below that 5175 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:09,040 and below that is 5176 00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:09,240 and below that is data 5177 00:37:09,240 --> 00:37:09,640 and below that is data and 5178 00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:09,880 and below that is data and the 5179 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:10,080 and below that is data and the modelling 5180 00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:10,280 modelling that 5181 00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:10,520 modelling that that 5182 00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:10,800 modelling that that produces. 5183 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:11,080 modelling that that produces. Exactly, 5184 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:11,320 Exactly, so 5185 00:37:11,320 --> 00:37:11,600 Exactly, so we're 5186 00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:11,840 Exactly, so we're just 5187 00:37:11,840 --> 00:37:12,080 Exactly, so we're just testing 5188 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:12,280 Exactly, so we're just testing a 5189 00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:12,680 Exactly, so we're just testing a model 5190 00:37:12,680 --> 00:37:15,640 model here. 5191 00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:15,880 model here. We've 5192 00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:16,160 model here. We've got 5193 00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:16,440 model here. We've got data, 5194 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:16,680 model here. We've got data, weve 5195 00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:16,920 model here. We've got data, weve got 5196 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:17,160 got a 5197 00:37:17,160 --> 00:37:17,440 got a model. 5198 00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:17,760 got a model. How 5199 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:18,000 got a model. How good 5200 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:18,320 got a model. How good do 5201 00:37:18,320 --> 00:37:18,520 got a model. How good do they, 5202 00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:18,840 got a model. How good do they, do 5203 00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:19,000 got a model. How good do they, do the 5204 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:19,200 the model 5205 00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:19,440 the model predictions 5206 00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:19,800 the model predictions match 5207 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:20,040 the model predictions match the 5208 00:37:20,040 --> 00:37:20,400 the model predictions match the data. 5209 00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:20,640 data. And 5210 00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:21,000 data. And your 5211 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:21,240 data. And your eye 5212 00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:21,440 data. And your eye will 5213 00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:21,640 data. And your eye will just 5214 00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:21,840 data. And your eye will just tell 5215 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:22,080 data. And your eye will just tell you 5216 00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:22,440 you the 5217 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:22,640 you the answers 5218 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:22,880 you the answers it's 5219 00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:23,280 you the answers it's very... 5220 00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:23,480 you the answers it's very... It's 5221 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:23,720 you the answers it's very... It's reflecting 5222 00:37:23,720 --> 00:37:24,080 reflecting swirling 5223 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:24,280 reflecting swirling here 5224 00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:24,520 reflecting swirling here and 5225 00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:24,760 reflecting swirling here and then 5226 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:25,000 reflecting swirling here and then they 5227 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:25,280 they swirl 5228 00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:25,600 they swirl up 5229 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:25,840 they swirl up there 5230 00:37:25,840 --> 00:37:26,080 they swirl up there and 5231 00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:26,320 they swirl up there and then 5232 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:26,520 they swirl up there and then little 5233 00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:26,720 they swirl up there and then little puffs 5234 00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:27,120 puffs there 5235 00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:27,360 puffs there and 5236 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:27,520 puffs there and little 5237 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:27,760 puffs there and little puffs 5238 00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:28,040 puffs there and little puffs there. 5239 00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:28,240 puffs there and little puffs there. So, 5240 00:37:28,240 --> 00:37:28,560 So, so 5241 00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:28,840 So, so even 5242 00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:29,040 So, so even that 5243 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:29,360 So, so even that kind 5244 00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:29,560 So, so even that kind of 5245 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:29,760 So, so even that kind of detail 5246 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:30,080 So, so even that kind of detail about 5247 00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:30,360 about clouds, 5248 00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:30,560 about clouds, models 5249 00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:30,760 about clouds, models are 5250 00:37:30,760 --> 00:37:31,000 about clouds, models are getting 5251 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:31,240 about clouds, models are getting it 5252 00:37:31,240 --> 00:37:31,600 about clouds, models are getting it right 5253 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:31,800 right now. 5254 00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:32,000 right now. And 5255 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:32,280 right now. And you 5256 00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:32,520 right now. And you know, 5257 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:32,800 right now. And you know, visually 5258 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:33,120 right now. And you know, visually I 5259 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:33,360 right now. And you know, visually I think 5260 00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:33,640 think this 5261 00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:33,840 think this is 5262 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:34,040 think this is just 5263 00:37:34,040 --> 00:37:34,240 think this is just so 5264 00:37:34,240 --> 00:37:34,480 think this is just so stunning 5265 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:34,840 think this is just so stunning because 5266 00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:35,040 because seeing 5267 00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:35,280 because seeing is 5268 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:35,920 because seeing is believing. 5269 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:36,120 because seeing is believing. Climate 5270 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:36,360 Climate science 5271 00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:36,600 Climate science is 5272 00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:36,840 Climate science is sort 5273 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:37,160 Climate science is sort of 5274 00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:37,440 Climate science is sort of moving 5275 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:37,680 Climate science is sort of moving from 5276 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:37,880 from more 5277 00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:38,080 from more tentative 5278 00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:38,320 from more tentative knowledge 5279 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:38,720 from more tentative knowledge to 5280 00:37:38,720 --> 00:37:38,920 from more tentative knowledge to more 5281 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:39,120 more certain 5282 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:41,040 more certain knowledge. 5283 00:37:41,040 --> 00:37:41,320 more certain knowledge. It 5284 00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:41,560 more certain knowledge. It still 5285 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:41,760 more certain knowledge. It still has 5286 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:41,960 has uncertainties 5287 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:42,160 has uncertainties but 5288 00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:42,480 has uncertainties but they're 5289 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:42,760 has uncertainties but they're getting 5290 00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:43,000 getting less 5291 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:43,200 getting less as 5292 00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:43,520 getting less as time 5293 00:37:43,520 --> 00:37:43,760 getting less as time goes 5294 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:44,640 getting less as time goes on. 5295 00:37:44,640 --> 00:37:44,920 getting less as time goes on. There 5296 00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:45,200 getting less as time goes on. There will 5297 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:45,400 will always 5298 00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:45,720 will always be 5299 00:37:45,720 --> 00:37:45,960 will always be a 5300 00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:46,200 will always be a little 5301 00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:46,440 will always be a little bit 5302 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:46,640 will always be a little bit of 5303 00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:46,840 will always be a little bit of uncertainty 5304 00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:47,240 uncertainty because 5305 00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:47,440 uncertainty because there 5306 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:47,640 uncertainty because there are 5307 00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:47,880 uncertainty because there are some 5308 00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:48,120 uncertainty because there are some processes 5309 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:48,400 processes that 5310 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:48,680 processes that we 5311 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:48,920 processes that we don't 5312 00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:49,200 processes that we don't fully 5313 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:53,120 processes that we don't fully understand. 5314 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:53,320 understand. But 5315 00:37:53,320 --> 00:37:53,560 understand. But we 5316 00:37:53,560 --> 00:37:53,840 understand. But we measure 5317 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:54,120 understand. But we measure scientific 5318 00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:54,360 scientific progress 5319 00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:54,640 scientific progress in 5320 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:54,880 scientific progress in our 5321 00:37:54,880 --> 00:37:55,160 scientific progress in our ability 5322 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:55,360 scientific progress in our ability to 5323 00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:55,560 to reduce 5324 00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:55,920 to reduce the 5325 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:56,160 to reduce the uncertainties 5326 00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:56,400 to reduce the uncertainties and 5327 00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:56,600 to reduce the uncertainties and by 5328 00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:56,840 to reduce the uncertainties and by that 5329 00:37:56,840 --> 00:37:57,040 that measure 5330 00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:57,400 that measure we're 5331 00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:57,640 that measure we're making 5332 00:37:57,640 --> 00:37:57,880 that measure we're making extraordinary 5333 00:37:57,880 --> 00:38:00,640 extraordinary progress. 5334 00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:00,840 extraordinary progress. All 5335 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:01,080 extraordinary progress. All the 5336 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:01,280 extraordinary progress. All the information 5337 00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:01,560 information we 5338 00:38:01,560 --> 00:38:01,840 information we have 5339 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:02,160 information we have today 5340 00:38:02,160 --> 00:38:02,360 information we have today helps 5341 00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:02,680 information we have today helps us 5342 00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:02,880 information we have today helps us predict 5343 00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:03,080 predict our 5344 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:03,480 predict our future 5345 00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:03,680 predict our future climate, 5346 00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:03,880 predict our future climate, but 5347 00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:04,080 predict our future climate, but the 5348 00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:04,280 predict our future climate, but the more 5349 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:04,560 more we 5350 00:38:04,560 --> 00:38:04,920 more we learn 5351 00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:05,120 more we learn the 5352 00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:05,440 more we learn the more 5353 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:05,680 more we learn the more complex 5354 00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:05,920 more we learn the more complex the 5355 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:06,120 more we learn the more complex the climate 5356 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:06,320 climate system 5357 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:11,400 climate system becomes. 5358 00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:11,600 climate system becomes. This 5359 00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:11,800 climate system becomes. This doesn't 5360 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:12,240 doesn't mean 5361 00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:12,440 doesn't mean the 5362 00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:12,640 doesn't mean the science 5363 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:12,840 doesn't mean the science is 5364 00:38:12,840 --> 00:38:13,120 doesn't mean the science is flawed 5365 00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:13,320 doesn't mean the science is flawed or 5366 00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:13,600 or that 5367 00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:13,880 or that we 5368 00:38:13,880 --> 00:38:14,160 or that we shouldn't 5369 00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:14,360 or that we shouldn't act 5370 00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:14,640 or that we shouldn't act but 5371 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:14,840 or that we shouldn't act but there 5372 00:38:14,840 --> 00:38:15,040 or that we shouldn't act but there may 5373 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:15,440 may be 5374 00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:15,680 may be a 5375 00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:15,880 may be a problem 5376 00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:16,080 may be a problem in 5377 00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:16,280 may be a problem in the 5378 00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:16,600 may be a problem in the way 5379 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:16,920 may be a problem in the way those 5380 00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:17,120 may be a problem in the way those uncertainties 5381 00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:17,400 uncertainties are 5382 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,640 uncertainties are communicated 5383 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:17,920 uncertainties are communicated to 5384 00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:18,120 uncertainties are communicated to the 5385 00:38:18,120 --> 00:38:21,160 the public. 5386 00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:21,400 the public. Scientists 5387 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:21,760 the public. Scientists may 5388 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:21,960 the public. Scientists may not 5389 00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:22,240 the public. Scientists may not be 5390 00:38:22,240 --> 00:38:22,440 the public. Scientists may not be willing 5391 00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:22,760 willing enough 5392 00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:23,000 willing enough to 5393 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:23,320 willing enough to publically 5394 00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:23,520 willing enough to publically discuss 5395 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:23,800 discuss the 5396 00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:24,000 discuss the uncertainties 5397 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:24,200 discuss the uncertainties in 5398 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:24,600 discuss the uncertainties in their 5399 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:24,800 discuss the uncertainties in their science 5400 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:25,000 science or 5401 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:25,240 science or to 5402 00:38:25,240 --> 00:38:25,440 science or to fully 5403 00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:25,680 science or to fully engage 5404 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:26,040 science or to fully engage with 5405 00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:26,320 science or to fully engage with those 5406 00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:26,520 those that 5407 00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:26,760 those that disagree 5408 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:27,000 those that disagree with 5409 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:27,240 those that disagree with them, 5410 00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:27,560 those that disagree with them, and 5411 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:27,800 those that disagree with them, and this 5412 00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:28,080 this has 5413 00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:28,280 this has helped 5414 00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:28,480 this has helped polarise 5415 00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:28,680 this has helped polarise the 5416 00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:32,720 this has helped polarise the debate. 5417 00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:41,520 Making 5418 00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:41,800 Making this 5419 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:42,080 Making this film 5420 00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:42,360 Making this film has 5421 00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:42,640 Making this film has made 5422 00:38:42,640 --> 00:38:42,840 Making this film has made me 5423 00:38:42,840 --> 00:38:43,120 Making this film has made me think 5424 00:38:43,120 --> 00:38:43,280 Making this film has made me think about 5425 00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:43,520 about the 5426 00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:43,760 about the place 5427 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:44,120 about the place of 5428 00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:44,320 about the place of science 5429 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:44,560 about the place of science in 5430 00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:44,760 about the place of science in the 5431 00:38:44,760 --> 00:38:45,000 about the place of science in the modern 5432 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:45,320 modern world, 5433 00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:45,560 modern world, and 5434 00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:45,800 modern world, and whether 5435 00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:46,120 modern world, and whether we 5436 00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:46,320 modern world, and whether we scientists 5437 00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:46,560 scientists are 5438 00:38:46,560 --> 00:38:46,760 scientists are keeping 5439 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:48,760 scientists are keeping pace. 5440 00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:49,000 scientists are keeping pace. Free 5441 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:49,200 scientists are keeping pace. Free and 5442 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:49,600 and open 5443 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:49,800 and open access 5444 00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:50,040 and open access to 5445 00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:50,320 and open access to information 5446 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:50,560 and open access to information means 5447 00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:50,800 means our 5448 00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:51,080 means our voices 5449 00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:51,360 means our voices are 5450 00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:51,560 means our voices are no 5451 00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:51,840 means our voices are no longer 5452 00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:52,040 means our voices are no longer the 5453 00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:52,240 means our voices are no longer the only 5454 00:38:52,240 --> 00:38:52,640 only ones 5455 00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:52,840 only ones people 5456 00:38:52,840 --> 00:39:02,600 only ones people hear. 5457 00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:02,800 only ones people hear. What 5458 00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:03,000 only ones people hear. What I 5459 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:03,200 only ones people hear. What I think 5460 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:03,520 only ones people hear. What I think is 5461 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:03,720 is changing 5462 00:39:03,720 --> 00:39:04,000 is changing in 5463 00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:04,280 is changing in the 5464 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:04,600 is changing in the way 5465 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:04,840 is changing in the way that 5466 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:05,040 is changing in the way that we're 5467 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:05,240 is changing in the way that we're talking 5468 00:39:05,240 --> 00:39:05,440 talking about 5469 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:05,840 talking about science 5470 00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:06,040 talking about science in 5471 00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:06,240 talking about science in the 5472 00:39:06,240 --> 00:39:06,480 talking about science in the public 5473 00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:06,720 talking about science in the public sphere, 5474 00:39:06,720 --> 00:39:06,960 sphere, is 5475 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:07,280 sphere, is the 5476 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:07,520 sphere, is the fact 5477 00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:07,800 sphere, is the fact that 5478 00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:08,080 sphere, is the fact that now 5479 00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:08,320 sphere, is the fact that now almost 5480 00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:08,480 sphere, is the fact that now almost anybody 5481 00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:08,680 anybody can 5482 00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:09,080 anybody can say 5483 00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:09,320 anybody can say what 5484 00:39:09,320 --> 00:39:09,520 anybody can say what they 5485 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:09,720 anybody can say what they like 5486 00:39:09,720 --> 00:39:09,960 anybody can say what they like on 5487 00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:10,200 anybody can say what they like on the 5488 00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:10,520 the blogosphere 5489 00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:10,760 the blogosphere and 5490 00:39:10,760 --> 00:39:11,040 the blogosphere and this 5491 00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:11,240 the blogosphere and this is 5492 00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:11,520 the blogosphere and this is getting 5493 00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:11,720 the blogosphere and this is getting read 5494 00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:12,120 read and 5495 00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:12,360 read and I'm 5496 00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:12,560 read and I'm really 5497 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:12,760 read and I'm really used 5498 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:12,960 read and I'm really used in 5499 00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:13,240 read and I'm really used in my 5500 00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:13,440 read and I'm really used in my science 5501 00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:13,760 science which 5502 00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:14,000 science which I've 5503 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:14,240 science which I've done 5504 00:39:14,240 --> 00:39:14,480 science which I've done for 5505 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:14,760 science which I've done for 30-40 5506 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:14,960 science which I've done for 30-40 years 5507 00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:15,320 years for 5508 00:39:15,320 --> 00:39:15,600 years for a 5509 00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:15,800 years for a much 5510 00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:16,000 years for a much more 5511 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:16,240 years for a much more cooler 5512 00:39:16,240 --> 00:39:22,480 years for a much more cooler approach. 5513 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:22,720 approach. When 5514 00:39:22,720 --> 00:39:22,920 approach. When I 5515 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:23,280 approach. When I read 5516 00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:23,520 approach. When I read these 5517 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:23,720 approach. When I read these blogs 5518 00:39:23,720 --> 00:39:23,960 approach. When I read these blogs I 5519 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:24,200 approach. When I read these blogs I mean 5520 00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:24,560 mean they're 5521 00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:24,720 mean they're full 5522 00:39:24,720 --> 00:39:25,000 mean they're full of 5523 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:25,240 mean they're full of righteousness, 5524 00:39:25,240 --> 00:39:25,480 mean they're full of righteousness, full 5525 00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:25,720 full of 5526 00:39:25,720 --> 00:39:26,040 full of zealousness. 5527 00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:26,280 full of zealousness. They're 5528 00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:26,560 full of zealousness. They're clearly 5529 00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:26,760 clearly trying 5530 00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:26,960 clearly trying to 5531 00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:27,160 clearly trying to convince 5532 00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:27,600 clearly trying to convince you 5533 00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:27,800 clearly trying to convince you strongly 5534 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:28,000 strongly of 5535 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:28,240 strongly of their 5536 00:39:28,240 --> 00:39:28,440 strongly of their point 5537 00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:28,680 strongly of their point of 5538 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:31,240 strongly of their point of view. 5539 00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:31,440 strongly of their point of view. They 5540 00:39:31,440 --> 00:39:31,840 They cherry 5541 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:32,040 They cherry pick 5542 00:39:32,040 --> 00:39:34,480 They cherry pick data. 5543 00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:34,760 They cherry pick data. They 5544 00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:35,040 They cherry pick data. They don't 5545 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:35,280 They cherry pick data. They don't seem 5546 00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:35,520 seem to 5547 00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:35,720 seem to be 5548 00:39:35,720 --> 00:39:36,120 seem to be always 5549 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:36,320 seem to be always completely 5550 00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:39,560 seem to be always completely consistent. 5551 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:39,760 consistent. And 5552 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:39,960 consistent. And what 5553 00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:40,160 consistent. And what I 5554 00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:40,440 consistent. And what I get 5555 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:40,800 consistent. And what I get the 5556 00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:41,040 consistent. And what I get the sense 5557 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:41,240 sense of 5558 00:39:41,240 --> 00:39:41,480 sense of is 5559 00:39:41,480 --> 00:39:41,760 sense of is that 5560 00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:42,000 sense of is that they 5561 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:42,360 sense of is that they don't 5562 00:39:42,360 --> 00:39:42,600 sense of is that they don't actually 5563 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:42,800 actually try 5564 00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:43,000 actually try and 5565 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:43,200 actually try and put 5566 00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:43,400 actually try and put a 5567 00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:43,840 actually try and put a reasoned 5568 00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:44,040 actually try and put a reasoned argument 5569 00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:47,760 argument here. 5570 00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:47,960 argument here. There's 5571 00:39:47,960 --> 00:39:48,280 argument here. There's a 5572 00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:48,520 argument here. There's a case 5573 00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:48,840 argument here. There's a case here 5574 00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:49,040 argument here. There's a case here on 5575 00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:49,320 on the 5576 00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:49,600 on the left 5577 00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:49,840 on the left there's 5578 00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:50,120 on the left there's a 5579 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:50,320 on the left there's a case 5580 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:50,520 on the left there's a case here 5581 00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:50,760 on the left there's a case here on 5582 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:50,960 on the left there's a case here on the 5583 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:51,360 the right. 5584 00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:51,560 the right. It's 5585 00:39:51,560 --> 00:39:51,760 the right. It's always 5586 00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:52,040 the right. It's always very 5587 00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:52,320 the right. It's always very strongly 5588 00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:52,560 strongly on 5589 00:39:52,560 --> 00:39:52,880 strongly on one 5590 00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:53,120 strongly on one side. 5591 00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:53,360 strongly on one side. Searches 5592 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:53,600 strongly on one side. Searches on 5593 00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:53,760 strongly on one side. Searches on the 5594 00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:54,000 the internet 5595 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:54,240 the internet do 5596 00:39:54,240 --> 00:39:54,600 the internet do not 5597 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:54,800 the internet do not differentiate 5598 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:55,040 the internet do not differentiate between 5599 00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:55,280 between thoroughly 5600 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:55,560 between thoroughly researched 5601 00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:55,760 between thoroughly researched evidence 5602 00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:56,080 evidence and 5603 00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:56,360 evidence and un-sourced 5604 00:39:56,360 --> 00:39:56,600 evidence and un-sourced uncorroborated 5605 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,880 uncorroborated assertion. 5606 00:39:58,880 --> 00:39:59,040 uncorroborated assertion. Conspiracy 5607 00:39:59,040 --> 00:39:59,320 Conspiracy theories 5608 00:39:59,320 --> 00:39:59,680 Conspiracy theories compete 5609 00:39:59,680 --> 00:39:59,920 Conspiracy theories compete on 5610 00:39:59,920 --> 00:40:00,080 Conspiracy theories compete on level-terms 5611 00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:00,360 level-terms with 5612 00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:00,560 level-terms with peer 5613 00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:00,880 level-terms with peer reviewed 5614 00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:05,880 level-terms with peer reviewed science. 5615 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:06,120 science. In 5616 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:06,360 science. In this 5617 00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:06,560 science. In this new 5618 00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:06,800 science. In this new world 5619 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:07,200 science. In this new world of 5620 00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:07,400 science. In this new world of information 5621 00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:07,600 information overload 5622 00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:07,800 information overload we 5623 00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:08,040 information overload we look 5624 00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:08,320 information overload we look to 5625 00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:08,600 information overload we look to people 5626 00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:08,840 people we 5627 00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:09,080 people we trust 5628 00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:09,280 people we trust to 5629 00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:09,600 people we trust to find 5630 00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:09,840 people we trust to find those 5631 00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:12,560 people we trust to find those answers. 5632 00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:12,800 answers. And 5633 00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:13,120 answers. And these 5634 00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:13,360 answers. And these days 5635 00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:13,560 answers. And these days it's 5636 00:40:13,560 --> 00:40:13,880 answers. And these days it's not 5637 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:14,080 answers. And these days it's not necessarily 5638 00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:14,280 necessarily the 5639 00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:19,360 necessarily the scientists. 5640 00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:19,560 necessarily the scientists. One 5641 00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:19,800 necessarily the scientists. One question 5642 00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:20,000 question I 5643 00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:20,400 question I would 5644 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:20,600 question I would ask 5645 00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:20,800 question I would ask as 5646 00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:21,040 question I would ask as someone 5647 00:40:21,040 --> 00:40:21,320 question I would ask as someone who 5648 00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:21,520 question I would ask as someone who has 5649 00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:21,800 has done 5650 00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:22,040 has done quite 5651 00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:22,320 has done quite a 5652 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:22,560 has done quite a lot 5653 00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:22,840 has done quite a lot of 5654 00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:23,040 has done quite a lot of scientific 5655 00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:23,400 has done quite a lot of scientific publishing, 5656 00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:23,640 publishing, are 5657 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:23,840 publishing, are you 5658 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:24,040 publishing, are you looking 5659 00:40:24,040 --> 00:40:24,240 publishing, are you looking mainly 5660 00:40:24,240 --> 00:40:24,480 publishing, are you looking mainly at 5661 00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:24,840 at peer 5662 00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:25,080 at peer reviewed 5663 00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:25,280 at peer reviewed material 5664 00:40:25,280 --> 00:40:25,560 at peer reviewed material or 5665 00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:25,800 at peer reviewed material or non- 5666 00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:26,040 at peer reviewed material or non- peer 5667 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:28,920 peer reviewed? 5668 00:40:28,920 --> 00:40:29,120 peer reviewed? Peer 5669 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:29,320 peer reviewed? Peer reviewed 5670 00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:29,560 peer reviewed? Peer reviewed being 5671 00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:29,760 peer reviewed? Peer reviewed being material 5672 00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:30,120 material that 5673 00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:30,320 material that in 5674 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:30,600 material that in principle, 5675 00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:30,880 material that in principle, and 5676 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:31,120 material that in principle, and flawed 5677 00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:31,360 flawed that 5678 00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:31,640 flawed that it 5679 00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:31,920 flawed that it is, 5680 00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:32,160 flawed that it is, cos 5681 00:40:32,160 --> 00:40:32,360 flawed that it is, cos I 5682 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:32,560 flawed that it is, cos I know 5683 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:32,800 flawed that it is, cos I know it 5684 00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:33,200 flawed that it is, cos I know it can 5685 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:33,400 can be 5686 00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:33,600 can be flawed, 5687 00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:33,840 can be flawed, that 5688 00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:34,080 can be flawed, that has 5689 00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:34,360 can be flawed, that has been 5690 00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:34,640 can be flawed, that has been looked 5691 00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:34,920 can be flawed, that has been looked at 5692 00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:35,120 at by 5693 00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:35,400 at by other 5694 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:35,640 at by other scientists 5695 00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:35,840 at by other scientists and 5696 00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:36,200 at by other scientists and the 5697 00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:36,480 at by other scientists and the case 5698 00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:36,640 at by other scientists and the case said, 5699 00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:36,840 said, well 5700 00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:37,040 said, well there 5701 00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:37,320 said, well there is 5702 00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:37,520 said, well there is an 5703 00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:37,880 said, well there is an argument 5704 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:38,120 said, well there is an argument here 5705 00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:38,360 here worth 5706 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:39,080 here worth publishing? 5707 00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:39,280 here worth publishing? One 5708 00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:39,680 here worth publishing? One of 5709 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:39,880 here worth publishing? One of the 5710 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:40,080 here worth publishing? One of the main 5711 00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:40,320 main things 5712 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:40,600 main things to 5713 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:40,840 main things to have 5714 00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:41,160 main things to have emerged 5715 00:40:41,160 --> 00:40:41,440 main things to have emerged from 5716 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:41,640 main things to have emerged from the 5717 00:40:41,640 --> 00:40:41,880 the climate 5718 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:42,120 the climate gate 5719 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:42,320 the climate gate emails, 5720 00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:42,680 the climate gate emails, was 5721 00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:42,920 the climate gate emails, was that 5722 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:43,160 the climate gate emails, was that the 5723 00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:43,360 the peer 5724 00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:43,560 the peer review 5725 00:40:43,560 --> 00:40:43,800 the peer review process 5726 00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:44,160 the peer review process has 5727 00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:44,360 the peer review process has been 5728 00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:44,600 the peer review process has been perhaps 5729 00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:44,840 perhaps irredeemably 5730 00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:51,480 perhaps irredeemably corrupted. 5731 00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:51,720 perhaps irredeemably corrupted. Um, 5732 00:40:51,720 --> 00:40:51,960 perhaps irredeemably corrupted. Um, what 5733 00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:52,200 what I 5734 00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:52,520 what I believe 5735 00:40:52,520 --> 00:40:52,760 what I believe in 5736 00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:53,000 what I believe in now, 5737 00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:53,240 what I believe in now, and 5738 00:40:53,240 --> 00:40:53,520 what I believe in now, and I 5739 00:40:53,520 --> 00:40:53,720 what I believe in now, and I think, 5740 00:40:53,720 --> 00:40:54,080 what I believe in now, and I think, I 5741 00:40:54,080 --> 00:40:54,320 I think 5742 00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:54,520 I think we 5743 00:40:54,520 --> 00:40:54,720 I think we are 5744 00:40:54,720 --> 00:40:54,920 I think we are seeing 5745 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:55,160 I think we are seeing a 5746 00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:55,520 I think we are seeing a shift 5747 00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:55,720 I think we are seeing a shift in 5748 00:40:55,720 --> 00:40:56,000 I think we are seeing a shift in the 5749 00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:56,240 the way 5750 00:40:56,240 --> 00:40:56,520 the way science 5751 00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:56,760 the way science is 5752 00:40:56,760 --> 00:40:56,960 the way science is conducted. 5753 00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:57,160 the way science is conducted. And 5754 00:40:57,160 --> 00:40:57,560 the way science is conducted. And at 5755 00:40:57,560 --> 00:40:57,760 at least 5756 00:40:57,760 --> 00:40:57,960 at least transmitted 5757 00:40:57,960 --> 00:40:58,160 at least transmitted to 5758 00:40:58,160 --> 00:40:58,440 at least transmitted to the 5759 00:40:58,440 --> 00:40:58,680 at least transmitted to the outside, 5760 00:40:58,680 --> 00:40:59,000 at least transmitted to the outside, to 5761 00:40:59,000 --> 00:40:59,240 to the 5762 00:40:59,240 --> 00:40:59,520 to the wider 5763 00:40:59,520 --> 00:40:59,720 to the wider world 5764 00:40:59,720 --> 00:41:00,000 to the wider world is 5765 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:00,200 to the wider world is a 5766 00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:00,600 to the wider world is a process 5767 00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:00,760 to the wider world is a process called 5768 00:41:00,760 --> 00:41:01,000 called peer 5769 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:01,200 called peer to 5770 00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:01,400 called peer to peer 5771 00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:01,640 called peer to peer review. 5772 00:41:01,640 --> 00:41:02,040 called peer to peer review. The 5773 00:41:02,040 --> 00:41:02,240 called peer to peer review. The internet 5774 00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:02,480 internet is 5775 00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:02,760 internet is changing 5776 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:08,280 internet is changing everything. 5777 00:41:08,280 --> 00:41:08,520 internet is changing everything. What 5778 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:08,720 What it 5779 00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:08,960 What it means 5780 00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:09,360 What it means is 5781 00:41:09,360 --> 00:41:09,560 What it means is that 5782 00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:09,760 What it means is that ideas 5783 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:09,960 What it means is that ideas which 5784 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:10,200 What it means is that ideas which were 5785 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:10,440 were previously 5786 00:41:10,440 --> 00:41:10,760 were previously only 5787 00:41:10,760 --> 00:41:11,000 were previously only able 5788 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:11,240 were previously only able to 5789 00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:11,520 were previously only able to be 5790 00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:11,720 were previously only able to be circulated 5791 00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:12,000 circulated in 5792 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:12,320 circulated in the 5793 00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:12,600 circulated in the seats 5794 00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:12,800 circulated in the seats of 5795 00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:13,040 circulated in the seats of academia, 5796 00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:13,200 circulated in the seats of academia, in 5797 00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:13,400 in private, 5798 00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:13,720 in private, in 5799 00:41:13,720 --> 00:41:14,000 in private, in papers, 5800 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:14,280 in private, in papers, read 5801 00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:14,480 in private, in papers, read by 5802 00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:14,800 in private, in papers, read by few 5803 00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:15,000 in private, in papers, read by few people, 5804 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:15,240 people, can 5805 00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:15,560 people, can now 5806 00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:15,800 people, can now be 5807 00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:16,040 people, can now be instantly 5808 00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:16,280 people, can now be instantly read 5809 00:41:16,280 --> 00:41:16,440 people, can now be instantly read on 5810 00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:16,680 on the 5811 00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:21,280 on the internet. 5812 00:41:21,280 --> 00:41:21,520 on the internet. And 5813 00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:21,840 on the internet. And assessed 5814 00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:22,080 on the internet. And assessed by 5815 00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:22,360 on the internet. And assessed by thousands 5816 00:41:22,360 --> 00:41:22,560 thousands and 5817 00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:22,760 thousands and thousands 5818 00:41:22,760 --> 00:41:22,960 thousands and thousands of 5819 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:23,360 thousands and thousands of other 5820 00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:23,560 thousands and thousands of other scientists 5821 00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:23,760 scientists and 5822 00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:23,960 scientists and people 5823 00:41:23,960 --> 00:41:24,280 scientists and people with 5824 00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:24,480 scientists and people with scientific 5825 00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:24,840 scientific backgrounds 5826 00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:25,080 scientific backgrounds and 5827 00:41:25,080 --> 00:41:25,360 scientific backgrounds and people 5828 00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:25,560 scientific backgrounds and people like 5829 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:25,800 like me 5830 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:26,000 like me who 5831 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:26,400 like me who haven't 5832 00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:26,600 like me who haven't got 5833 00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:26,840 like me who haven't got a 5834 00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:27,000 like me who haven't got a scientific 5835 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:27,280 scientific background, 5836 00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:27,480 scientific background, but 5837 00:41:27,480 --> 00:41:27,840 scientific background, but you 5838 00:41:27,840 --> 00:41:28,080 scientific background, but you know 5839 00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:28,320 scientific background, but you know are 5840 00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:31,880 are interested. 5841 00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:32,120 are interested. Just 5842 00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:32,360 are interested. Just back 5843 00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:32,560 are interested. Just back to 5844 00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:32,880 are interested. Just back to the 5845 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:33,120 are interested. Just back to the evidence 5846 00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:33,480 evidence again 5847 00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:36,080 evidence again though. 5848 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:36,320 evidence again though. Because 5849 00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:36,560 evidence again though. Because so 5850 00:41:36,560 --> 00:41:36,760 evidence again though. Because so you, 5851 00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:36,960 you, we 5852 00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:37,160 you, we get, 5853 00:41:37,160 --> 00:41:37,440 you, we get, obviously 5854 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:37,760 you, we get, obviously there's 5855 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:38,000 you, we get, obviously there's a 5856 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:38,240 you, we get, obviously there's a source 5857 00:41:38,240 --> 00:41:38,480 source of 5858 00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:38,760 source of evidence 5859 00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:39,000 source of evidence through, 5860 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:39,320 source of evidence through, through 5861 00:41:39,320 --> 00:41:39,520 source of evidence through, through the 5862 00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:39,800 the internet. 5863 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:40,000 the internet. Books, 5864 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:40,240 the internet. Books, primary 5865 00:41:40,240 --> 00:41:40,440 the internet. Books, primary publications 5866 00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:40,840 publications probably 5867 00:41:40,840 --> 00:41:41,040 publications probably is 5868 00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:41,240 publications probably is not 5869 00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:41,480 publications probably is not your 5870 00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:44,080 publications probably is not your thing? 5871 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:44,360 thing? It 5872 00:41:44,360 --> 00:41:44,600 thing? It is 5873 00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:44,920 thing? It is not 5874 00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:45,160 thing? It is not my 5875 00:41:45,160 --> 00:41:45,440 thing? It is not my job 5876 00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:45,640 thing? It is not my job to 5877 00:41:45,640 --> 00:41:45,920 thing? It is not my job to sit 5878 00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:46,240 thing? It is not my job to sit down 5879 00:41:46,240 --> 00:41:46,480 thing? It is not my job to sit down and 5880 00:41:46,480 --> 00:41:46,720 and read 5881 00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:46,920 and read peer 5882 00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:47,120 and read peer reviewed 5883 00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:47,360 and read peer reviewed papers 5884 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:47,600 and read peer reviewed papers because 5885 00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:47,920 because I 5886 00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:48,160 because I simply 5887 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:48,400 because I simply haven't 5888 00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:48,640 because I simply haven't got 5889 00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:48,960 because I simply haven't got the 5890 00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:49,160 because I simply haven't got the time, 5891 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:49,440 time, I 5892 00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:49,720 time, I haven't 5893 00:41:49,720 --> 00:41:49,960 time, I haven't got 5894 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:50,160 time, I haven't got the 5895 00:41:50,160 --> 00:41:50,360 time, I haven't got the scientific 5896 00:41:50,360 --> 00:41:50,560 time, I haven't got the scientific expertise, 5897 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:51,000 expertise, what 5898 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:51,200 expertise, what I 5899 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:51,400 expertise, what I rely 5900 00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:51,640 expertise, what I rely on 5901 00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:51,880 expertise, what I rely on is 5902 00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:52,160 expertise, what I rely on is people 5903 00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:52,440 expertise, what I rely on is people who 5904 00:41:52,440 --> 00:41:52,680 who have 5905 00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:52,920 who have got 5906 00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:53,240 who have got the 5907 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:53,440 who have got the time 5908 00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:53,640 who have got the time and 5909 00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:54,000 who have got the time and the 5910 00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:54,240 who have got the time and the expertise 5911 00:41:54,240 --> 00:41:54,440 expertise to 5912 00:41:54,440 --> 00:41:54,640 expertise to do 5913 00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:54,840 expertise to do it 5914 00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:55,080 expertise to do it and 5915 00:41:55,080 --> 00:41:55,440 expertise to do it and write 5916 00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:55,640 expertise to do it and write about 5917 00:41:55,640 --> 00:41:55,960 expertise to do it and write about it 5918 00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:56,160 it and 5919 00:41:56,160 --> 00:41:56,440 it and interpret 5920 00:41:56,440 --> 00:42:01,760 it and interpret it. 5921 00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:02,040 it and interpret it. I 5922 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:02,320 it and interpret it. I am 5923 00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:02,640 it and interpret it. I am an 5924 00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:02,800 it and interpret it. I am an interpreter 5925 00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:03,120 interpreter of 5926 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:06,240 interpreter of interpretations. 5927 00:42:06,240 --> 00:42:06,440 interpreter of interpretations. As 5928 00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:06,640 interpreter of interpretations. As a 5929 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:06,880 a working 5930 00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:07,120 a working scientist, 5931 00:42:07,120 --> 00:42:07,440 a working scientist, I've 5932 00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:07,720 a working scientist, I've learnt 5933 00:42:07,720 --> 00:42:07,960 a working scientist, I've learnt that 5934 00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:08,160 that peer 5935 00:42:08,160 --> 00:42:08,440 that peer review 5936 00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:08,640 that peer review is 5937 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:09,040 that peer review is very 5938 00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:09,280 that peer review is very important 5939 00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:09,480 that peer review is very important to 5940 00:42:09,480 --> 00:42:09,680 to make 5941 00:42:09,680 --> 00:42:09,880 to make science 5942 00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:12,520 to make science credible. 5943 00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:12,760 to make science credible. The 5944 00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:13,000 to make science credible. The authority 5945 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:13,200 authority science 5946 00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:13,520 authority science can 5947 00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:13,760 authority science can claim 5948 00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:14,080 authority science can claim comes 5949 00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:14,360 authority science can claim comes from 5950 00:42:14,360 --> 00:42:14,560 from evidence 5951 00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:14,880 from evidence and 5952 00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:15,120 from evidence and experiment 5953 00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:15,360 from evidence and experiment and 5954 00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:15,560 from evidence and experiment and an 5955 00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:15,760 from evidence and experiment and an attitude 5956 00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:15,960 attitude of 5957 00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:16,360 attitude of mind 5958 00:42:16,360 --> 00:42:16,600 attitude of mind that 5959 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:16,760 attitude of mind that seeks 5960 00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:17,080 attitude of mind that seeks to 5961 00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:17,320 attitude of mind that seeks to test 5962 00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:17,520 attitude of mind that seeks to test its 5963 00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:17,800 its theories 5964 00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:18,080 its theories to 5965 00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:24,920 its theories to destruction. 5966 00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:25,160 its theories to destruction. Scepticism 5967 00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:25,400 Scepticism is 5968 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:25,640 Scepticism is really 5969 00:42:25,640 --> 00:42:28,560 Scepticism is really important. 5970 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:29,000 Scepticism is really important. We 5971 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:29,160 Scepticism is really important. We are 5972 00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:29,400 are often 5973 00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:29,680 are often plagued 5974 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:29,920 are often plagued with 5975 00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:30,120 are often plagued with self 5976 00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:35,240 are often plagued with self doubt. 5977 00:42:35,240 --> 00:42:35,480 are often plagued with self doubt. I 5978 00:42:35,480 --> 00:42:35,680 I always 5979 00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,000 I always tell 5980 00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:36,240 I always tell my 5981 00:42:36,240 --> 00:42:36,480 I always tell my students 5982 00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:36,680 I always tell my students and 5983 00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:36,880 I always tell my students and post 5984 00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:37,080 I always tell my students and post doctoral 5985 00:42:37,080 --> 00:42:37,520 doctoral workers, 5986 00:42:37,520 --> 00:42:37,720 doctoral workers, be 5987 00:42:37,720 --> 00:42:37,920 doctoral workers, be the 5988 00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:38,160 doctoral workers, be the worse 5989 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:38,400 doctoral workers, be the worse enemy 5990 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:38,680 enemy of 5991 00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:39,000 enemy of your 5992 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:39,200 enemy of your own 5993 00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:39,480 enemy of your own idea. 5994 00:42:39,480 --> 00:42:39,720 enemy of your own idea. Always 5995 00:42:39,720 --> 00:42:39,920 enemy of your own idea. Always challenge 5996 00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:40,160 challenge it, 5997 00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:40,560 challenge it, always 5998 00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:40,760 challenge it, always test 5999 00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:41,120 challenge it, always test it. 6000 00:42:41,120 --> 00:42:41,360 challenge it, always test it. I 6001 00:42:41,360 --> 00:42:41,560 challenge it, always test it. I think 6002 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:41,760 think things 6003 00:42:41,760 --> 00:42:41,960 think things are 6004 00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:42,360 think things are a 6005 00:42:42,360 --> 00:42:42,600 think things are a little 6006 00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:42,800 think things are a little different 6007 00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:43,040 think things are a little different when 6008 00:42:43,040 --> 00:42:43,280 when you 6009 00:42:43,280 --> 00:42:43,520 when you have 6010 00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:43,840 when you have a 6011 00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:44,080 when you have a denialist 6012 00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:44,360 when you have a denialist or 6013 00:42:44,360 --> 00:42:44,560 when you have a denialist or an 6014 00:42:44,560 --> 00:42:44,800 when you have a denialist or an extreme 6015 00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:45,000 extreme sceptic. 6016 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:45,240 extreme sceptic. They're 6017 00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:45,640 extreme sceptic. They're convinced 6018 00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:45,840 extreme sceptic. They're convinced that 6019 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:46,040 that they 6020 00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:46,240 that they know 6021 00:42:46,240 --> 00:42:46,520 that they know what's 6022 00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:46,760 that they know what's going 6023 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:47,080 that they know what's going on 6024 00:42:47,080 --> 00:42:47,320 that they know what's going on and 6025 00:42:47,320 --> 00:42:47,560 that they know what's going on and they 6026 00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:47,800 they only 6027 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:48,040 they only look 6028 00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:48,240 they only look for 6029 00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:48,640 they only look for data 6030 00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:48,880 they only look for data that 6031 00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:49,080 they only look for data that supports 6032 00:42:49,080 --> 00:42:49,280 supports that 6033 00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:49,480 supports that position. 6034 00:42:49,480 --> 00:42:49,760 supports that position. They're 6035 00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:50,120 supports that position. They're not 6036 00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:50,280 supports that position. They're not really 6037 00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:50,560 really engaging 6038 00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:50,840 really engaging in 6039 00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:51,080 really engaging in the 6040 00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:51,320 really engaging in the scientific 6041 00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:54,880 really engaging in the scientific process. 6042 00:42:56,680 --> 00:42:56,880 There 6043 00:42:56,880 --> 00:42:57,120 There is 6044 00:42:57,120 --> 00:42:57,360 There is a 6045 00:42:57,360 --> 00:42:57,600 There is a fine 6046 00:42:57,600 --> 00:42:57,920 There is a fine line 6047 00:42:57,920 --> 00:42:58,200 There is a fine line between 6048 00:42:58,200 --> 00:42:58,440 There is a fine line between healthy 6049 00:42:58,440 --> 00:42:58,640 healthy scepticism, 6050 00:42:58,640 --> 00:42:58,840 healthy scepticism, which 6051 00:42:58,840 --> 00:42:59,080 healthy scepticism, which is 6052 00:42:59,080 --> 00:42:59,480 healthy scepticism, which is a 6053 00:42:59,480 --> 00:42:59,640 healthy scepticism, which is a fundamental 6054 00:42:59,640 --> 00:42:59,840 fundamental part 6055 00:42:59,840 --> 00:43:00,120 fundamental part of 6056 00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:00,320 fundamental part of the 6057 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:00,640 fundamental part of the scientific 6058 00:43:00,640 --> 00:43:00,920 fundamental part of the scientific process, 6059 00:43:00,920 --> 00:43:01,160 process, and 6060 00:43:01,160 --> 00:43:01,400 process, and denial 6061 00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:01,680 process, and denial which 6062 00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:01,880 process, and denial which can 6063 00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:02,080 process, and denial which can stop 6064 00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:02,440 process, and denial which can stop the 6065 00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:02,680 the science 6066 00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:02,880 the science moving 6067 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:07,720 the science moving on. 6068 00:43:07,720 --> 00:43:07,960 the science moving on. But 6069 00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:08,200 the science moving on. But the 6070 00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:08,520 the science moving on. But the difference 6071 00:43:08,520 --> 00:43:08,760 difference is 6072 00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:13,800 difference is crucial. 6073 00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:14,040 difference is crucial. Denial 6074 00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:14,280 difference is crucial. Denial is 6075 00:43:14,280 --> 00:43:14,480 difference is crucial. Denial is not 6076 00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:14,680 not just 6077 00:43:14,680 --> 00:43:15,080 not just a 6078 00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:15,280 not just a feature 6079 00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:15,480 not just a feature of 6080 00:43:15,480 --> 00:43:15,680 not just a feature of the 6081 00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:15,960 not just a feature of the debate 6082 00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:16,240 not just a feature of the debate over 6083 00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:16,520 over climate 6084 00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:20,560 over climate change. 6085 00:43:20,560 --> 00:43:20,760 over climate change. People 6086 00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:21,000 over climate change. People deny 6087 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:21,160 over climate change. People deny the 6088 00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:21,400 the evidence 6089 00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:21,680 the evidence in 6090 00:43:21,680 --> 00:43:22,000 the evidence in favour 6091 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:22,240 the evidence in favour of 6092 00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:22,520 the evidence in favour of many 6093 00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:22,760 the evidence in favour of many things 6094 00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:23,000 things like 6095 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:23,200 things like certain 6096 00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:23,560 things like certain vaccines 6097 00:43:23,560 --> 00:43:23,800 things like certain vaccines or 6098 00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:24,000 things like certain vaccines or that 6099 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:24,200 that HIV 6100 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:24,440 that HIV causes 6101 00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:26,440 that HIV causes AIDS. 6102 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:26,680 that HIV causes AIDS. I 6103 00:43:26,680 --> 00:43:26,960 that HIV causes AIDS. I want 6104 00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:27,280 that HIV causes AIDS. I want to 6105 00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:27,520 that HIV causes AIDS. I want to understand 6106 00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:27,760 understand better 6107 00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:28,000 understand better how 6108 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:28,280 understand better how people 6109 00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:28,480 understand better how people reach 6110 00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:28,800 understand better how people reach this 6111 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:29,080 this state 6112 00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:29,320 this state of 6113 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:30,600 this state of mind. 6114 00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:30,800 this state of mind. Hi, 6115 00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:31,080 Hi, are 6116 00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:31,320 Hi, are you 6117 00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:32,160 Hi, are you Tony? 6118 00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:32,320 Hi, are you Tony? Pleased 6119 00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:32,560 Hi, are you Tony? Pleased to 6120 00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:32,960 Hi, are you Tony? Pleased to meet 6121 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:36,560 Hi, are you Tony? Pleased to meet you. 6122 00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:36,840 you. I 6123 00:43:36,840 --> 00:43:37,080 you. I was 6124 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:37,320 you. I was taking 6125 00:43:37,320 --> 00:43:37,600 you. I was taking a 6126 00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:37,840 you. I was taking a routine 6127 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:39,040 you. I was taking a routine physical. 6128 00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:39,240 physical. My 6129 00:43:39,240 --> 00:43:39,440 physical. My doctor 6130 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:39,840 physical. My doctor said 6131 00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:40,080 physical. My doctor said I've 6132 00:43:40,080 --> 00:43:40,280 physical. My doctor said I've got 6133 00:43:40,280 --> 00:43:40,480 physical. My doctor said I've got some 6134 00:43:40,480 --> 00:43:40,680 some bad 6135 00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:40,920 some bad news 6136 00:43:40,920 --> 00:43:41,280 some bad news for 6137 00:43:41,280 --> 00:43:41,480 some bad news for you, 6138 00:43:41,480 --> 00:43:41,760 some bad news for you, you're 6139 00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:42,000 some bad news for you, you're HIV 6140 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:46,360 some bad news for you, you're HIV positive. 6141 00:43:46,360 --> 00:43:46,560 positive. My 6142 00:43:46,560 --> 00:43:46,760 positive. My name 6143 00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:47,160 positive. My name is 6144 00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:47,360 positive. My name is Sparkles. 6145 00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:47,760 positive. My name is Sparkles. Have 6146 00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:47,960 positive. My name is Sparkles. Have you 6147 00:43:47,960 --> 00:43:48,200 you been 6148 00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:48,400 you been here 6149 00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:49,000 you been here before? 6150 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:50,880 you been here before? Yes. 6151 00:43:50,880 --> 00:43:51,160 you been here before? Yes. It's 6152 00:43:51,160 --> 00:43:51,400 you been here before? Yes. It's my 6153 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:51,640 you been here before? Yes. It's my first 6154 00:43:51,640 --> 00:43:51,840 first time 6155 00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,200 first time here. 6156 00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:55,400 first time here. My 6157 00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:55,680 My doctor 6158 00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:55,920 My doctor said, 6159 00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:56,240 My doctor said, "Look, 6160 00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:56,480 My doctor said, "Look, if 6161 00:43:56,480 --> 00:43:56,720 My doctor said, "Look, if you 6162 00:43:56,720 --> 00:43:56,920 My doctor said, "Look, if you don't 6163 00:43:56,920 --> 00:43:57,120 My doctor said, "Look, if you don't take 6164 00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:57,320 take these 6165 00:43:57,320 --> 00:43:57,720 take these drugs 6166 00:43:57,720 --> 00:43:57,960 take these drugs you're 6167 00:43:57,960 --> 00:43:58,120 take these drugs you're going 6168 00:43:58,120 --> 00:43:58,400 take these drugs you're going to 6169 00:43:58,400 --> 00:43:58,720 take these drugs you're going to be 6170 00:43:58,720 --> 00:43:58,920 take these drugs you're going to be dead 6171 00:43:58,920 --> 00:43:59,160 dead in 6172 00:43:59,160 --> 00:43:59,480 dead in two 6173 00:43:59,480 --> 00:43:59,720 dead in two years." 6174 00:43:59,720 --> 00:43:59,960 dead in two years." So 6175 00:43:59,960 --> 00:44:00,160 dead in two years." So he 6176 00:44:00,160 --> 00:44:00,360 dead in two years." So he handed 6177 00:44:00,360 --> 00:44:00,560 dead in two years." So he handed me 6178 00:44:00,560 --> 00:44:01,000 dead in two years." So he handed me the 6179 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:01,600 the prescriptions. 6180 00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:01,800 the prescriptions. I 6181 00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:02,200 the prescriptions. I walked 6182 00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:02,400 the prescriptions. I walked out 6183 00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:02,640 the prescriptions. I walked out the 6184 00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:02,800 the prescriptions. I walked out the door 6185 00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:03,000 door and 6186 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:03,320 door and on 6187 00:44:03,320 --> 00:44:03,600 door and on the 6188 00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:03,880 door and on the way 6189 00:44:03,880 --> 00:44:04,120 door and on the way to 6190 00:44:04,120 --> 00:44:04,360 door and on the way to the 6191 00:44:04,360 --> 00:44:04,640 door and on the way to the car 6192 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:04,840 door and on the way to the car I 6193 00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:05,200 door and on the way to the car I passed 6194 00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:05,440 passed by 6195 00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:05,640 passed by a 6196 00:44:05,640 --> 00:44:05,840 passed by a trash 6197 00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:06,080 passed by a trash can, 6198 00:44:06,080 --> 00:44:06,320 passed by a trash can, ripped 6199 00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:06,680 passed by a trash can, ripped them 6200 00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:06,880 passed by a trash can, ripped them up 6201 00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:07,080 up and 6202 00:44:07,080 --> 00:44:07,360 up and threw 6203 00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:07,560 up and threw them 6204 00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:07,880 up and threw them in 6205 00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:08,160 up and threw them in and 6206 00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:08,400 up and threw them in and never 6207 00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:08,640 up and threw them in and never went 6208 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:08,880 up and threw them in and never went back. 6209 00:44:08,880 --> 00:44:09,120 back. That 6210 00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:09,320 back. That was 6211 00:44:09,320 --> 00:44:09,520 back. That was 13 6212 00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:09,920 back. That was 13 years 6213 00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:10,120 back. That was 13 years ago 6214 00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:10,400 back. That was 13 years ago and 6215 00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:10,600 back. That was 13 years ago and that 6216 00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:10,800 that was 6217 00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:11,080 that was the 6218 00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:11,400 that was the last 6219 00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:11,640 that was the last time 6220 00:44:11,640 --> 00:44:11,880 that was the last time I 6221 00:44:11,880 --> 00:44:12,160 that was the last time I went 6222 00:44:12,160 --> 00:44:12,360 that was the last time I went to 6223 00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:12,560 that was the last time I went to a 6224 00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:12,960 that was the last time I went to a doctor 6225 00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:13,160 doctor for 6226 00:44:13,160 --> 00:44:13,360 doctor for anything 6227 00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:18,840 doctor for anything HIV-related. 6228 00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:20,560 Tony 6229 00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:20,840 Tony Lance 6230 00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:21,080 Tony Lance does 6231 00:44:21,080 --> 00:44:21,280 Tony Lance does not 6232 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:21,640 Tony Lance does not believe 6233 00:44:21,640 --> 00:44:21,920 Tony Lance does not believe a 6234 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:22,120 Tony Lance does not believe a virus 6235 00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:22,320 Tony Lance does not believe a virus causes 6236 00:44:22,320 --> 00:44:26,560 causes AIDS. 6237 00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:26,840 causes AIDS. And 6238 00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:27,080 causes AIDS. And rather 6239 00:44:27,080 --> 00:44:27,360 causes AIDS. And rather than 6240 00:44:27,360 --> 00:44:27,600 causes AIDS. And rather than take 6241 00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:27,920 causes AIDS. And rather than take anti-retrovirals 6242 00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:28,160 anti-retrovirals he 6243 00:44:28,160 --> 00:44:28,400 anti-retrovirals he treats 6244 00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:28,640 anti-retrovirals he treats himself 6245 00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:28,840 anti-retrovirals he treats himself using 6246 00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:29,000 using pro-biotics 6247 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:29,440 using pro-biotics like 6248 00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:35,680 using pro-biotics like yoghurt. 6249 00:44:40,360 --> 00:44:40,600 This 6250 00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:40,920 This is 6251 00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:41,160 This is not 6252 00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:41,400 This is not a 6253 00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:41,600 This is not a vanilla 6254 00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:41,800 This is not a vanilla flavour. 6255 00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:42,040 This is not a vanilla flavour. More 6256 00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:42,440 This is not a vanilla flavour. More like 6257 00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:42,640 like a 6258 00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:42,840 like a tartness. 6259 00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:46,320 like a tartness. Hey. 6260 00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:46,680 like a tartness. Hey. There 6261 00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:46,920 like a tartness. Hey. There is 6262 00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:47,120 like a tartness. Hey. There is actually 6263 00:44:47,120 --> 00:44:47,400 actually active 6264 00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:47,640 actually active culture 6265 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:47,960 actually active culture right, 6266 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:48,240 actually active culture right, so 6267 00:44:48,240 --> 00:44:48,480 actually active culture right, so it's 6268 00:44:48,480 --> 00:44:48,680 it's got 6269 00:44:48,680 --> 00:44:48,920 it's got a 6270 00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:49,120 it's got a little 6271 00:44:49,120 --> 00:44:49,520 it's got a little bit 6272 00:44:49,520 --> 00:44:50,800 it's got a little bit of... 6273 00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:51,000 it's got a little bit of... There 6274 00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:51,280 There is 6275 00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:51,560 There is such 6276 00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:51,800 There is such an 6277 00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:52,080 There is such an overwhelming 6278 00:44:52,080 --> 00:44:52,360 There is such an overwhelming body 6279 00:44:52,360 --> 00:44:52,560 There is such an overwhelming body of 6280 00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:52,880 of evidence 6281 00:44:52,880 --> 00:44:53,120 of evidence that 6282 00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:53,400 of evidence that HIV 6283 00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:53,600 of evidence that HIV causes 6284 00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:53,800 of evidence that HIV causes AIDS, 6285 00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:54,040 of evidence that HIV causes AIDS, I 6286 00:44:54,040 --> 00:44:54,400 of evidence that HIV causes AIDS, I really 6287 00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:54,600 really want 6288 00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:54,800 really want to 6289 00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:55,000 really want to understand 6290 00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:55,280 really want to understand how 6291 00:44:55,280 --> 00:44:55,560 really want to understand how Tony 6292 00:44:55,560 --> 00:44:55,840 really want to understand how Tony has 6293 00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:56,080 has reached 6294 00:44:56,080 --> 00:44:56,360 has reached his 6295 00:44:56,360 --> 00:44:56,640 has reached his opinion. 6296 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:57,040 has reached his opinion. I 6297 00:44:57,040 --> 00:44:57,240 has reached his opinion. I came 6298 00:44:57,240 --> 00:44:57,440 has reached his opinion. I came to 6299 00:44:57,440 --> 00:44:57,640 has reached his opinion. I came to the 6300 00:44:57,640 --> 00:44:57,960 the conclusion 6301 00:44:57,960 --> 00:44:58,320 the conclusion that 6302 00:44:58,320 --> 00:44:58,600 the conclusion that much 6303 00:44:58,600 --> 00:44:58,800 the conclusion that much of 6304 00:44:58,800 --> 00:44:59,080 the conclusion that much of what 6305 00:44:59,080 --> 00:44:59,320 the conclusion that much of what is 6306 00:44:59,320 --> 00:44:59,600 the conclusion that much of what is called 6307 00:44:59,600 --> 00:44:59,840 called AIDS 6308 00:44:59,840 --> 00:45:00,080 called AIDS at 6309 00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:00,320 called AIDS at least 6310 00:45:00,320 --> 00:45:00,520 called AIDS at least as 6311 00:45:00,520 --> 00:45:00,680 called AIDS at least as it 6312 00:45:00,680 --> 00:45:01,120 called AIDS at least as it appears 6313 00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:01,320 called AIDS at least as it appears in 6314 00:45:01,320 --> 00:45:01,520 in gay 6315 00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:01,720 in gay men, 6316 00:45:01,720 --> 00:45:02,040 in gay men, is 6317 00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:02,280 in gay men, is the 6318 00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:02,560 in gay men, is the result 6319 00:45:02,560 --> 00:45:02,800 in gay men, is the result of 6320 00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:03,120 in gay men, is the result of severe 6321 00:45:03,120 --> 00:45:03,320 in gay men, is the result of severe dysregulation 6322 00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:03,560 dysregulation of 6323 00:45:03,560 --> 00:45:03,760 dysregulation of internal 6324 00:45:03,760 --> 00:45:04,160 dysregulation of internal micro 6325 00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:07,400 dysregulation of internal micro flora. 6326 00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:07,600 flora. And 6327 00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:07,920 flora. And the 6328 00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:08,160 flora. And the causes 6329 00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:08,440 flora. And the causes of 6330 00:45:08,440 --> 00:45:09,640 flora. And the causes of that. 6331 00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:09,840 flora. And the causes of that. That's 6332 00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:10,040 That's all 6333 00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:10,440 That's all the 6334 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:10,640 That's all the microbes 6335 00:45:10,640 --> 00:45:10,880 That's all the microbes growing 6336 00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:11,080 That's all the microbes growing in 6337 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:11,280 That's all the microbes growing in the 6338 00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:11,480 the gut. 6339 00:45:11,480 --> 00:45:12,480 the gut. Exactly. 6340 00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:12,840 the gut. Exactly. We 6341 00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:13,080 the gut. Exactly. We have 6342 00:45:13,080 --> 00:45:13,280 the gut. Exactly. We have in 6343 00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:13,520 the gut. Exactly. We have in our 6344 00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:13,760 the gut. Exactly. We have in our gut, 6345 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:14,120 gut, a 6346 00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:14,320 gut, a very 6347 00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:14,560 gut, a very complex 6348 00:45:14,560 --> 00:45:14,840 gut, a very complex and 6349 00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:15,080 gut, a very complex and rich 6350 00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:15,320 gut, a very complex and rich eco 6351 00:45:15,320 --> 00:45:15,520 gut, a very complex and rich eco system. 6352 00:45:15,520 --> 00:45:15,720 system. Microbes 6353 00:45:15,720 --> 00:45:16,120 system. Microbes living 6354 00:45:16,120 --> 00:45:16,360 system. Microbes living in 6355 00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:16,560 system. Microbes living in a 6356 00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:16,760 system. Microbes living in a symbiotic 6357 00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:16,960 symbiotic relationship 6358 00:45:16,960 --> 00:45:17,200 symbiotic relationship with 6359 00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:17,560 symbiotic relationship with us. 6360 00:45:17,560 --> 00:45:17,760 symbiotic relationship with us. They 6361 00:45:17,760 --> 00:45:18,000 They directly 6362 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:18,280 They directly affect 6363 00:45:18,280 --> 00:45:18,520 They directly affect our 6364 00:45:18,520 --> 00:45:18,800 They directly affect our immune 6365 00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,840 They directly affect our immune system. 6366 00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:23,040 system. Our 6367 00:45:23,040 --> 00:45:23,240 system. Our uptake 6368 00:45:23,240 --> 00:45:23,640 system. Our uptake of 6369 00:45:23,640 --> 00:45:25,280 system. Our uptake of nutrients. 6370 00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:25,480 system. Our uptake of nutrients. And 6371 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:25,720 And it 6372 00:45:25,720 --> 00:45:25,960 And it occurred 6373 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:26,240 And it occurred to 6374 00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:26,480 And it occurred to me 6375 00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:26,720 And it occurred to me after 6376 00:45:26,720 --> 00:45:27,080 And it occurred to me after many 6377 00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:27,320 And it occurred to me after many many 6378 00:45:27,320 --> 00:45:27,520 many years 6379 00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:27,720 many years of 6380 00:45:27,720 --> 00:45:27,920 many years of reading 6381 00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:28,160 many years of reading and 6382 00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:28,560 many years of reading and self 6383 00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:28,720 many years of reading and self analysis 6384 00:45:28,720 --> 00:45:29,040 analysis and 6385 00:45:29,040 --> 00:45:29,240 analysis and observing 6386 00:45:29,240 --> 00:45:29,480 analysis and observing the 6387 00:45:29,480 --> 00:45:29,720 analysis and observing the gay 6388 00:45:29,720 --> 00:45:30,040 analysis and observing the gay community 6389 00:45:30,040 --> 00:45:30,320 community that 6390 00:45:30,320 --> 00:45:30,560 community that there 6391 00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:30,760 community that there really 6392 00:45:30,760 --> 00:45:30,960 community that there really are 6393 00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:31,160 community that there really are some 6394 00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:31,360 some very 6395 00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:31,760 some very good 6396 00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:32,000 some very good reasons 6397 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:32,240 some very good reasons why 6398 00:45:32,240 --> 00:45:32,480 some very good reasons why certain 6399 00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:32,720 some very good reasons why certain subsets 6400 00:45:32,720 --> 00:45:32,960 subsets of 6401 00:45:32,960 --> 00:45:33,240 subsets of gay 6402 00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:33,520 subsets of gay men 6403 00:45:33,520 --> 00:45:33,760 subsets of gay men would 6404 00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:34,000 subsets of gay men would have 6405 00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:34,200 subsets of gay men would have internal 6406 00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:34,400 internal micro 6407 00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:34,840 internal micro flora 6408 00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:35,040 internal micro flora that 6409 00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:35,240 internal micro flora that are 6410 00:45:35,240 --> 00:45:37,760 internal micro flora that are abnormal. 6411 00:45:37,760 --> 00:45:38,000 abnormal. To 6412 00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:38,280 abnormal. To get 6413 00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:38,480 abnormal. To get right 6414 00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:38,680 abnormal. To get right down 6415 00:45:38,680 --> 00:45:39,080 abnormal. To get right down to 6416 00:45:39,080 --> 00:45:39,280 abnormal. To get right down to brass 6417 00:45:39,280 --> 00:45:39,520 brass tacks, 6418 00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:39,720 brass tacks, I 6419 00:45:39,720 --> 00:45:39,920 brass tacks, I think 6420 00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:40,200 brass tacks, I think HIV 6421 00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:40,520 brass tacks, I think HIV is 6422 00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:40,760 brass tacks, I think HIV is a 6423 00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:41,000 brass tacks, I think HIV is a marker 6424 00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:41,240 marker for 6425 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:41,480 marker for immune 6426 00:45:41,480 --> 00:45:41,720 marker for immune dysfunction 6427 00:45:41,720 --> 00:45:42,040 marker for immune dysfunction as 6428 00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:42,280 marker for immune dysfunction as opposed 6429 00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:42,520 opposed to 6430 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:42,760 opposed to being 6431 00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:42,960 opposed to being a 6432 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:44,840 opposed to being a cause. 6433 00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:45,120 opposed to being a cause. I 6434 00:45:45,120 --> 00:45:45,400 opposed to being a cause. I think 6435 00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:45,600 opposed to being a cause. I think immune 6436 00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:45,800 immune dysfunction 6437 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:46,200 immune dysfunction actually 6438 00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:46,400 immune dysfunction actually proceeds 6439 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:46,600 proceeds HIV 6440 00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:46,800 proceeds HIV positivity 6441 00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:47,040 proceeds HIV positivity and 6442 00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:47,280 proceeds HIV positivity and makes 6443 00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:47,520 proceeds HIV positivity and makes it 6444 00:45:47,520 --> 00:45:52,520 it possible. 6445 00:45:52,520 --> 00:45:52,800 it possible. Holding 6446 00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:53,040 Holding these 6447 00:45:53,040 --> 00:45:53,360 Holding these views 6448 00:45:53,360 --> 00:45:53,600 Holding these views puts 6449 00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:53,880 Holding these views puts Tony 6450 00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:54,120 Holding these views puts Tony in 6451 00:45:54,120 --> 00:45:54,360 Holding these views puts Tony in a 6452 00:45:54,360 --> 00:45:54,520 Holding these views puts Tony in a very 6453 00:45:54,520 --> 00:45:54,920 very small 6454 00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:57,640 very small minority. 6455 00:45:57,640 --> 00:45:57,880 very small minority. What 6456 00:45:57,880 --> 00:45:58,200 What is 6457 00:45:58,200 --> 00:45:58,400 What is it 6458 00:45:58,400 --> 00:45:58,680 What is it like 6459 00:45:58,680 --> 00:45:58,960 What is it like psychologically 6460 00:45:58,960 --> 00:45:59,240 What is it like psychologically for 6461 00:45:59,240 --> 00:45:59,400 What is it like psychologically for you 6462 00:45:59,400 --> 00:45:59,720 you and 6463 00:45:59,720 --> 00:46:00,000 you and for 6464 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:00,240 you and for people 6465 00:46:00,240 --> 00:46:00,400 you and for people who 6466 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:00,640 you and for people who think 6467 00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:00,880 you and for people who think like 6468 00:46:00,880 --> 00:46:01,120 you and for people who think like you 6469 00:46:01,120 --> 00:46:01,440 you to 6470 00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:01,680 you to be 6471 00:46:01,680 --> 00:46:01,880 you to be on 6472 00:46:01,880 --> 00:46:02,200 you to be on the 6473 00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:03,040 you to be on the outside? 6474 00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:03,280 you to be on the outside? It's 6475 00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:04,880 you to be on the outside? It's isolating. 6476 00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:05,120 isolating. One 6477 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:05,320 isolating. One of 6478 00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:05,560 isolating. One of the 6479 00:46:05,560 --> 00:46:05,840 isolating. One of the labels 6480 00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:06,120 isolating. One of the labels tossed 6481 00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:06,400 isolating. One of the labels tossed at 6482 00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:06,680 at me 6483 00:46:06,680 --> 00:46:06,880 at me and 6484 00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:07,120 at me and others 6485 00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:07,320 at me and others like 6486 00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:07,520 at me and others like me 6487 00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:07,960 at me and others like me is 6488 00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:08,160 at me and others like me is a 6489 00:46:08,160 --> 00:46:08,360 at me and others like me is a denialist, 6490 00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:08,560 denialist, and 6491 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:08,840 denialist, and that's 6492 00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:09,080 denialist, and that's actually 6493 00:46:09,080 --> 00:46:09,440 denialist, and that's actually kind 6494 00:46:09,440 --> 00:46:09,640 denialist, and that's actually kind of 6495 00:46:09,640 --> 00:46:09,880 of hurtful 6496 00:46:09,880 --> 00:46:10,120 of hurtful to 6497 00:46:10,120 --> 00:46:10,360 of hurtful to tell 6498 00:46:10,360 --> 00:46:10,560 of hurtful to tell you 6499 00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:10,960 of hurtful to tell you the 6500 00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:12,760 of hurtful to tell you the truth. 6501 00:46:12,760 --> 00:46:12,960 of hurtful to tell you the truth. You 6502 00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:13,240 You wouldn't 6503 00:46:13,240 --> 00:46:13,520 You wouldn't see 6504 00:46:13,520 --> 00:46:13,800 You wouldn't see yourself 6505 00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:14,040 You wouldn't see yourself as 6506 00:46:14,040 --> 00:46:14,240 You wouldn't see yourself as a 6507 00:46:14,240 --> 00:46:18,280 You wouldn't see yourself as a denialist? 6508 00:46:18,280 --> 00:46:18,680 denialist? No, 6509 00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:18,920 denialist? No, not 6510 00:46:18,920 --> 00:46:19,120 denialist? No, not at 6511 00:46:19,120 --> 00:46:19,720 denialist? No, not at all. 6512 00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:19,920 denialist? No, not at all. I 6513 00:46:19,920 --> 00:46:20,120 denialist? No, not at all. I don't 6514 00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:20,400 denialist? No, not at all. I don't even 6515 00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:20,600 even know 6516 00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:20,920 even know that 6517 00:46:20,920 --> 00:46:21,160 even know that they 6518 00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:21,440 even know that they say 6519 00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:21,720 even know that they say I'm 6520 00:46:21,720 --> 00:46:21,960 even know that they say I'm in 6521 00:46:21,960 --> 00:46:22,160 even know that they say I'm in denial 6522 00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:22,360 denial of. 6523 00:46:22,360 --> 00:46:22,760 denial of. I 6524 00:46:22,760 --> 00:46:22,960 denial of. I mean, 6525 00:46:22,960 --> 00:46:23,160 denial of. I mean, I've 6526 00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:23,360 denial of. I mean, I've lost 6527 00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:23,600 denial of. I mean, I've lost many 6528 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:23,840 denial of. I mean, I've lost many scores 6529 00:46:23,840 --> 00:46:24,200 scores of 6530 00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:24,400 scores of friends 6531 00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:24,680 scores of friends to 6532 00:46:24,680 --> 00:46:24,920 scores of friends to AIDS 6533 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:25,200 scores of friends to AIDS so 6534 00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:25,400 scores of friends to AIDS so I'm 6535 00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:25,760 scores of friends to AIDS so I'm certainly 6536 00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:25,960 certainly not 6537 00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:26,200 certainly not in 6538 00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:26,400 certainly not in denial 6539 00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:26,640 certainly not in denial of 6540 00:46:26,640 --> 00:46:26,840 certainly not in denial of the 6541 00:46:26,840 --> 00:46:27,240 certainly not in denial of the actual 6542 00:46:27,240 --> 00:46:29,720 actual illness. 6543 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:29,960 actual illness. I 6544 00:46:29,960 --> 00:46:30,240 actual illness. I just 6545 00:46:30,240 --> 00:46:30,480 actual illness. I just view 6546 00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:30,800 actual illness. I just view the 6547 00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:31,040 actual illness. I just view the cause 6548 00:46:31,040 --> 00:46:31,280 cause and 6549 00:46:31,280 --> 00:46:31,520 cause and effect 6550 00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:34,800 cause and effect differently. 6551 00:46:42,080 --> 00:46:42,280 I 6552 00:46:42,280 --> 00:46:42,680 I found 6553 00:46:42,680 --> 00:46:42,880 I found that 6554 00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:43,080 I found that discussion 6555 00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:43,280 I found that discussion with 6556 00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:43,560 I found that discussion with Tony 6557 00:46:43,560 --> 00:46:43,800 I found that discussion with Tony really 6558 00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:46,520 really interesting. 6559 00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:46,720 really interesting. I 6560 00:46:46,720 --> 00:46:47,000 really interesting. I mean 6561 00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:47,200 really interesting. I mean I'm 6562 00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:47,520 really interesting. I mean I'm completely 6563 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:47,720 completely mainstream 6564 00:46:47,720 --> 00:46:48,040 completely mainstream about 6565 00:46:48,040 --> 00:46:48,280 completely mainstream about HIV 6566 00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:49,520 completely mainstream about HIV AIDS. 6567 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:49,720 AIDS. AIDS 6568 00:46:49,720 --> 00:46:50,040 AIDS. AIDS is 6569 00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:50,280 AIDS. AIDS is caused 6570 00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:50,520 AIDS. AIDS is caused by 6571 00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:50,760 AIDS. AIDS is caused by the 6572 00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:51,040 AIDS. AIDS is caused by the HIV 6573 00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:51,200 AIDS. AIDS is caused by the HIV retrovirus 6574 00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:51,400 retrovirus no 6575 00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:51,800 retrovirus no question 6576 00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:52,000 retrovirus no question about 6577 00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:58,640 retrovirus no question about that. 6578 00:46:58,640 --> 00:46:58,840 retrovirus no question about that. He 6579 00:46:58,840 --> 00:46:59,120 He doubts 6580 00:46:59,120 --> 00:46:59,440 He doubts that, 6581 00:46:59,440 --> 00:46:59,680 He doubts that, he's 6582 00:46:59,680 --> 00:46:59,960 He doubts that, he's sceptical 6583 00:46:59,960 --> 00:47:00,120 He doubts that, he's sceptical about 6584 00:47:00,120 --> 00:47:00,320 about whether 6585 00:47:00,320 --> 00:47:00,560 about whether it's 6586 00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:00,960 about whether it's causal, 6587 00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:01,160 about whether it's causal, you 6588 00:47:01,160 --> 00:47:01,360 about whether it's causal, you could 6589 00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:01,560 could say 6590 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:01,840 could say that 6591 00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:02,080 could say that he 6592 00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:02,400 could say that he denies 6593 00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:02,600 could say that he denies that 6594 00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:02,920 could say that he denies that it's 6595 00:47:02,920 --> 00:47:04,400 could say that he denies that it's causal. 6596 00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:04,640 causal. But 6597 00:47:04,640 --> 00:47:04,880 causal. But he's 6598 00:47:04,880 --> 00:47:05,160 causal. But he's at 6599 00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:05,360 causal. But he's at the 6600 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:05,640 causal. But he's at the end 6601 00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:05,920 causal. But he's at the end of 6602 00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:06,240 causal. But he's at the end of the 6603 00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:06,440 causal. But he's at the end of the spectrum 6604 00:47:06,440 --> 00:47:06,640 spectrum where 6605 00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:06,840 spectrum where you 6606 00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:07,040 spectrum where you can 6607 00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:07,440 spectrum where you can have 6608 00:47:07,440 --> 00:47:07,640 spectrum where you can have a 6609 00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:07,880 spectrum where you can have a conversation 6610 00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:08,160 conversation with 6611 00:47:08,160 --> 00:47:09,080 conversation with him. 6612 00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:09,280 conversation with him. As 6613 00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:09,720 conversation with him. As a 6614 00:47:09,720 --> 00:47:09,880 conversation with him. As a scientist, 6615 00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:10,080 scientist, I 6616 00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:10,360 scientist, I find 6617 00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:10,600 scientist, I find Tony's 6618 00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:10,800 scientist, I find Tony's views 6619 00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:11,160 scientist, I find Tony's views hard 6620 00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:11,400 scientist, I find Tony's views hard to 6621 00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:15,160 to understand. 6622 00:47:18,720 --> 00:47:19,000 However 6623 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:19,240 However I 6624 00:47:19,240 --> 00:47:19,440 However I think 6625 00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:19,640 However I think there 6626 00:47:19,640 --> 00:47:20,040 However I think there may 6627 00:47:20,040 --> 00:47:20,240 However I think there may be 6628 00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:20,440 However I think there may be a 6629 00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:20,680 However I think there may be a link 6630 00:47:20,680 --> 00:47:20,920 However I think there may be a link between 6631 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:21,200 between how 6632 00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:21,480 between how he 6633 00:47:21,480 --> 00:47:21,720 between how he approaches 6634 00:47:21,720 --> 00:47:21,960 between how he approaches the 6635 00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:22,200 between how he approaches the evidence 6636 00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:22,480 evidence for 6637 00:47:22,480 --> 00:47:22,680 evidence for the 6638 00:47:22,680 --> 00:47:23,000 evidence for the causes 6639 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:23,280 evidence for the causes of 6640 00:47:23,280 --> 00:47:23,480 evidence for the causes of AIDS 6641 00:47:23,480 --> 00:47:23,720 evidence for the causes of AIDS and 6642 00:47:23,720 --> 00:47:23,920 evidence for the causes of AIDS and how 6643 00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:24,160 how some 6644 00:47:24,160 --> 00:47:24,400 how some climate 6645 00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:24,720 how some climate sceptics 6646 00:47:24,720 --> 00:47:25,000 how some climate sceptics may 6647 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:25,280 how some climate sceptics may look 6648 00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:25,480 how some climate sceptics may look at 6649 00:47:25,480 --> 00:47:25,720 at the 6650 00:47:25,720 --> 00:47:25,920 at the causes 6651 00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:26,280 at the causes of 6652 00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:26,520 at the causes of global 6653 00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:28,640 at the causes of global warming. 6654 00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:28,880 at the causes of global warming. Problems 6655 00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:29,240 Problems arise 6656 00:47:29,240 --> 00:47:29,480 Problems arise when 6657 00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:29,720 Problems arise when you're 6658 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:30,000 Problems arise when you're studying 6659 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:30,200 Problems arise when you're studying complex 6660 00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:30,400 complex data 6661 00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:30,800 complex data and 6662 00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:31,000 complex data and trying 6663 00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:31,240 complex data and trying to 6664 00:47:31,240 --> 00:47:31,440 complex data and trying to distinguish 6665 00:47:31,440 --> 00:47:31,600 distinguish cause 6666 00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:31,920 distinguish cause from 6667 00:47:31,920 --> 00:47:36,560 distinguish cause from effect. 6668 00:47:36,920 --> 00:47:37,120 Understanding 6669 00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:37,400 Understanding what 6670 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:37,720 Understanding what causes 6671 00:47:37,720 --> 00:47:37,960 Understanding what causes what 6672 00:47:37,960 --> 00:47:38,240 Understanding what causes what in 6673 00:47:38,240 --> 00:47:38,480 Understanding what causes what in complex 6674 00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:38,720 complex systems 6675 00:47:38,720 --> 00:47:38,920 complex systems in 6676 00:47:38,920 --> 00:47:39,280 complex systems in like 6677 00:47:39,280 --> 00:47:39,520 complex systems in like biology, 6678 00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:39,760 complex systems in like biology, that 6679 00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:39,960 that I 6680 00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:40,160 that I study, 6681 00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:40,360 that I study, or 6682 00:47:40,360 --> 00:47:40,760 that I study, or climate 6683 00:47:40,760 --> 00:47:40,960 that I study, or climate science 6684 00:47:40,960 --> 00:47:41,200 that I study, or climate science is 6685 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:41,480 that I study, or climate science is really 6686 00:47:41,480 --> 00:47:44,000 really difficult. 6687 00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:44,200 really difficult. Let 6688 00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:44,400 really difficult. Let me 6689 00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:44,640 really difficult. Let me illustrate 6690 00:47:44,640 --> 00:47:45,040 really difficult. Let me illustrate this 6691 00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:48,920 this here. 6692 00:47:48,920 --> 00:47:49,160 this here. Imagine 6693 00:47:49,160 --> 00:47:49,520 this here. Imagine that 6694 00:47:49,520 --> 00:47:49,720 this here. Imagine that each 6695 00:47:49,720 --> 00:47:50,000 this here. Imagine that each of 6696 00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:50,240 this here. Imagine that each of these 6697 00:47:50,240 --> 00:47:50,520 these poles 6698 00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:50,720 these poles are 6699 00:47:50,720 --> 00:47:51,080 these poles are different 6700 00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:52,560 these poles are different events. 6701 00:47:52,560 --> 00:47:52,800 these poles are different events. Events 6702 00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:53,080 Events A, 6703 00:47:53,080 --> 00:47:53,320 Events A, B 6704 00:47:53,320 --> 00:47:53,640 Events A, B and 6705 00:47:53,640 --> 00:47:53,880 Events A, B and C 6706 00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:54,160 Events A, B and C and 6707 00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:54,360 Events A, B and C and we 6708 00:47:54,360 --> 00:47:54,560 Events A, B and C and we have 6709 00:47:54,560 --> 00:47:54,760 Events A, B and C and we have time 6710 00:47:54,760 --> 00:47:55,000 Events A, B and C and we have time running 6711 00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:55,400 running up 6712 00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:55,600 running up here 6713 00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:55,800 running up here on 6714 00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:56,040 running up here on the 6715 00:47:56,040 --> 00:47:56,320 running up here on the floor. 6716 00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:56,600 running up here on the floor. Event 6717 00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:56,880 running up here on the floor. Event A 6718 00:47:56,880 --> 00:47:57,080 A causes 6719 00:47:57,080 --> 00:47:57,360 A causes event 6720 00:47:57,360 --> 00:47:58,640 A causes event B. 6721 00:47:58,640 --> 00:47:58,840 A causes event B. Event 6722 00:47:58,840 --> 00:47:59,080 A causes event B. Event A 6723 00:47:59,080 --> 00:47:59,480 A causes event B. Event A also 6724 00:47:59,480 --> 00:47:59,680 A causes event B. Event A also causes 6725 00:47:59,680 --> 00:47:59,880 causes event 6726 00:47:59,880 --> 00:48:09,040 causes event C. 6727 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:09,280 causes event C. But 6728 00:48:09,280 --> 00:48:09,560 causes event C. But if 6729 00:48:09,560 --> 00:48:09,760 causes event C. But if you're 6730 00:48:09,760 --> 00:48:10,120 causes event C. But if you're a 6731 00:48:10,120 --> 00:48:10,320 causes event C. But if you're a scientist 6732 00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:10,600 scientist you 6733 00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:10,800 scientist you don't 6734 00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:11,040 scientist you don't know 6735 00:48:11,040 --> 00:48:11,240 scientist you don't know anything 6736 00:48:11,240 --> 00:48:11,640 scientist you don't know anything about 6737 00:48:11,640 --> 00:48:11,840 about event 6738 00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:12,040 about event A 6739 00:48:12,040 --> 00:48:12,280 about event A and 6740 00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:12,480 about event A and you're 6741 00:48:12,480 --> 00:48:12,800 about event A and you're simply 6742 00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:13,000 about event A and you're simply studying 6743 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:13,360 studying B 6744 00:48:13,360 --> 00:48:13,560 studying B and 6745 00:48:13,560 --> 00:48:13,840 studying B and C, 6746 00:48:13,840 --> 00:48:14,080 studying B and C, what 6747 00:48:14,080 --> 00:48:14,280 studying B and C, what you'll 6748 00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:14,480 studying B and C, what you'll see 6749 00:48:14,480 --> 00:48:14,880 studying B and C, what you'll see is 6750 00:48:14,880 --> 00:48:15,080 is after 6751 00:48:15,080 --> 00:48:15,280 is after a 6752 00:48:15,280 --> 00:48:15,480 is after a certain 6753 00:48:15,480 --> 00:48:15,760 is after a certain period 6754 00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:16,000 is after a certain period of 6755 00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:16,320 is after a certain period of time 6756 00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:16,560 is after a certain period of time you 6757 00:48:16,560 --> 00:48:16,800 you will 6758 00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:17,080 you will see 6759 00:48:17,080 --> 00:48:17,280 you will see B 6760 00:48:17,280 --> 00:48:17,520 you will see B and 6761 00:48:17,520 --> 00:48:17,840 you will see B and then 6762 00:48:17,840 --> 00:48:18,120 you will see B and then always 6763 00:48:18,120 --> 00:48:18,360 you will see B and then always or 6764 00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:18,520 you will see B and then always or nearly 6765 00:48:18,520 --> 00:48:18,760 nearly always 6766 00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:18,960 nearly always you 6767 00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:19,360 nearly always you will 6768 00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:19,560 nearly always you will see 6769 00:48:19,560 --> 00:48:19,760 nearly always you will see C 6770 00:48:19,760 --> 00:48:20,040 nearly always you will see C a 6771 00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:20,240 nearly always you will see C a certain 6772 00:48:20,240 --> 00:48:20,560 certain amount 6773 00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:20,800 certain amount of 6774 00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:21,080 certain amount of time 6775 00:48:21,080 --> 00:48:21,320 certain amount of time afterwards. 6776 00:48:21,320 --> 00:48:21,600 certain amount of time afterwards. It 6777 00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:21,800 It would 6778 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:22,000 It would be 6779 00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:22,400 It would be a 6780 00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:22,600 It would be a natural 6781 00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:22,840 It would be a natural consequence 6782 00:48:22,840 --> 00:48:23,000 It would be a natural consequence to 6783 00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:23,200 to think 6784 00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:23,520 to think that 6785 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:23,840 to think that B 6786 00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:24,040 to think that B will 6787 00:48:24,040 --> 00:48:24,320 to think that B will cause 6788 00:48:24,320 --> 00:48:24,560 to think that B will cause C 6789 00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:24,840 to think that B will cause C when 6790 00:48:24,840 --> 00:48:25,040 to think that B will cause C when it's 6791 00:48:25,040 --> 00:48:25,240 it's absolutely 6792 00:48:25,240 --> 00:48:25,640 it's absolutely not 6793 00:48:25,640 --> 00:48:25,840 it's absolutely not the 6794 00:48:25,840 --> 00:48:27,080 it's absolutely not the case. 6795 00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:27,280 it's absolutely not the case. I'll 6796 00:48:27,280 --> 00:48:27,480 it's absolutely not the case. I'll think 6797 00:48:27,480 --> 00:48:27,680 think of 6798 00:48:27,680 --> 00:48:27,920 think of a 6799 00:48:27,920 --> 00:48:28,280 think of a concrete 6800 00:48:28,280 --> 00:48:28,480 think of a concrete example, 6801 00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:28,720 think of a concrete example, for 6802 00:48:28,720 --> 00:48:28,960 think of a concrete example, for example 6803 00:48:28,960 --> 00:48:29,200 example smoking 6804 00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:29,480 example smoking and 6805 00:48:29,480 --> 00:48:29,760 example smoking and lung 6806 00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:31,960 example smoking and lung cancer. 6807 00:48:31,960 --> 00:48:32,160 example smoking and lung cancer. Let's 6808 00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:32,560 Let's imagine 6809 00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:32,760 Let's imagine event 6810 00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:32,960 Let's imagine event A 6811 00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:33,160 Let's imagine event A is 6812 00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:33,440 Let's imagine event A is smoking, 6813 00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:33,720 Let's imagine event A is smoking, and 6814 00:48:33,720 --> 00:48:34,000 and event 6815 00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:34,280 and event B 6816 00:48:34,280 --> 00:48:34,520 and event B is 6817 00:48:34,520 --> 00:48:34,760 and event B is yellow 6818 00:48:34,760 --> 00:48:35,000 and event B is yellow teeth, 6819 00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:35,200 and event B is yellow teeth, that 6820 00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:35,560 and event B is yellow teeth, that occurs 6821 00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:35,800 occurs after 6822 00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:36,000 occurs after a 6823 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:36,200 occurs after a certain 6824 00:48:36,200 --> 00:48:36,440 occurs after a certain amount 6825 00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:36,680 occurs after a certain amount of 6826 00:48:36,680 --> 00:48:37,440 occurs after a certain amount of time. 6827 00:48:37,440 --> 00:48:37,640 time. And 6828 00:48:37,640 --> 00:48:37,840 time. And let's 6829 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:38,080 time. And let's imagine 6830 00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:38,320 time. And let's imagine event 6831 00:48:38,320 --> 00:48:38,560 time. And let's imagine event C 6832 00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:38,880 time. And let's imagine event C is 6833 00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:39,120 time. And let's imagine event C is lung 6834 00:48:39,120 --> 00:48:43,120 lung cancer. 6835 00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:43,320 lung cancer. You 6836 00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:43,520 lung cancer. You could 6837 00:48:43,520 --> 00:48:43,920 lung cancer. You could perhaps 6838 00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:44,160 lung cancer. You could perhaps imagine 6839 00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:44,360 imagine as 6840 00:48:44,360 --> 00:48:44,560 imagine as a 6841 00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:44,800 imagine as a scientist 6842 00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:45,080 imagine as a scientist that 6843 00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:45,400 imagine as a scientist that you 6844 00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:45,600 imagine as a scientist that you observe 6845 00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:45,880 observe yellow 6846 00:48:45,880 --> 00:48:46,120 observe yellow teeth 6847 00:48:46,120 --> 00:48:46,360 observe yellow teeth and 6848 00:48:46,360 --> 00:48:46,560 observe yellow teeth and then 6849 00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:46,960 observe yellow teeth and then you 6850 00:48:46,960 --> 00:48:47,160 observe yellow teeth and then you observe 6851 00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:47,400 observe lung 6852 00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:47,600 observe lung cancer 6853 00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:47,800 observe lung cancer and 6854 00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:48,040 observe lung cancer and then 6855 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:48,400 observe lung cancer and then maybe 6856 00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:48,600 observe lung cancer and then maybe yellow 6857 00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:48,800 yellow teeth 6858 00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:49,080 yellow teeth causes 6859 00:48:49,080 --> 00:48:49,360 yellow teeth causes lung 6860 00:48:49,360 --> 00:48:49,600 yellow teeth causes lung cancer. 6861 00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:49,920 yellow teeth causes lung cancer. That's 6862 00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:50,160 That's obviously 6863 00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:50,400 That's obviously nonsense 6864 00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:50,640 That's obviously nonsense but 6865 00:48:50,640 --> 00:48:50,840 That's obviously nonsense but if 6866 00:48:50,840 --> 00:48:51,040 That's obviously nonsense but if you 6867 00:48:51,040 --> 00:48:51,440 you didn't 6868 00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:51,640 you didn't know 6869 00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:51,840 you didn't know about 6870 00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:52,040 you didn't know about smoking 6871 00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:52,360 you didn't know about smoking you 6872 00:48:52,360 --> 00:48:52,560 you didn't know about smoking you could 6873 00:48:52,560 --> 00:48:52,840 could be 6874 00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:53,160 could be led 6875 00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:53,440 could be led into 6876 00:48:53,440 --> 00:48:53,640 could be led into that 6877 00:48:53,640 --> 00:48:53,920 could be led into that erroneous 6878 00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:55,800 could be led into that erroneous conclusion. 6879 00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:56,000 conclusion. That's 6880 00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:56,280 conclusion. That's the 6881 00:48:56,280 --> 00:48:56,520 conclusion. That's the problem 6882 00:48:56,520 --> 00:48:56,760 conclusion. That's the problem with 6883 00:48:56,760 --> 00:48:56,920 conclusion. That's the problem with complexity, 6884 00:48:56,920 --> 00:48:57,320 complexity, that's 6885 00:48:57,320 --> 00:48:57,560 complexity, that's the 6886 00:48:57,560 --> 00:48:57,760 complexity, that's the problem 6887 00:48:57,760 --> 00:48:57,960 complexity, that's the problem with 6888 00:48:57,960 --> 00:48:58,160 complexity, that's the problem with working 6889 00:48:58,160 --> 00:48:58,440 working out 6890 00:48:58,440 --> 00:48:58,760 working out what 6891 00:48:58,760 --> 00:48:59,000 working out what causes 6892 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,400 working out what causes what. 6893 00:49:08,720 --> 00:49:08,960 There's 6894 00:49:08,960 --> 00:49:09,240 There's an 6895 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:09,480 There's an overwhelming 6896 00:49:09,480 --> 00:49:09,720 There's an overwhelming body 6897 00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:10,040 There's an overwhelming body of 6898 00:49:10,040 --> 00:49:10,280 There's an overwhelming body of evidence 6899 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:10,560 evidence that 6900 00:49:10,560 --> 00:49:10,760 evidence that says 6901 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:10,960 evidence that says we 6902 00:49:10,960 --> 00:49:11,360 evidence that says we are 6903 00:49:11,360 --> 00:49:11,560 evidence that says we are warming 6904 00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:11,760 evidence that says we are warming our 6905 00:49:11,760 --> 00:49:11,960 our planet, 6906 00:49:11,960 --> 00:49:12,160 our planet, but 6907 00:49:12,160 --> 00:49:12,400 our planet, but complexity 6908 00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:12,680 our planet, but complexity allows 6909 00:49:12,680 --> 00:49:13,000 our planet, but complexity allows for 6910 00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:13,240 for confusion 6911 00:49:13,240 --> 00:49:13,480 for confusion and 6912 00:49:13,480 --> 00:49:13,760 for confusion and for 6913 00:49:13,760 --> 00:49:14,000 for confusion and for alternative 6914 00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:14,200 for confusion and for alternative theories 6915 00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:14,560 theories to 6916 00:49:14,560 --> 00:49:19,680 theories to develop. 6917 00:49:19,680 --> 00:49:20,080 theories to develop. The 6918 00:49:20,080 --> 00:49:20,280 theories to develop. The only 6919 00:49:20,280 --> 00:49:20,480 theories to develop. The only solution 6920 00:49:20,480 --> 00:49:20,680 solution is 6921 00:49:20,680 --> 00:49:20,920 solution is too 6922 00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:21,200 solution is too look 6923 00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:21,520 solution is too look at 6924 00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:21,720 solution is too look at all 6925 00:49:21,720 --> 00:49:22,000 solution is too look at all the 6926 00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:22,200 solution is too look at all the evidence 6927 00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:22,520 evidence as 6928 00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:22,720 evidence as a 6929 00:49:22,720 --> 00:49:26,000 evidence as a whole. 6930 00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:26,200 evidence as a whole. I 6931 00:49:26,200 --> 00:49:26,400 evidence as a whole. I think 6932 00:49:26,400 --> 00:49:26,600 evidence as a whole. I think some 6933 00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:26,800 evidence as a whole. I think some extreme 6934 00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:27,200 extreme sceptics 6935 00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:27,400 extreme sceptics decide 6936 00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:27,640 extreme sceptics decide what 6937 00:49:27,640 --> 00:49:27,920 extreme sceptics decide what to 6938 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:28,120 extreme sceptics decide what to think 6939 00:49:28,120 --> 00:49:28,480 think first, 6940 00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:28,720 think first, and 6941 00:49:28,720 --> 00:49:28,960 think first, and then 6942 00:49:28,960 --> 00:49:29,240 think first, and then cherry 6943 00:49:29,240 --> 00:49:29,440 think first, and then cherry pick 6944 00:49:29,440 --> 00:49:29,640 think first, and then cherry pick the 6945 00:49:29,640 --> 00:49:29,840 the data 6946 00:49:29,840 --> 00:49:30,240 the data to 6947 00:49:30,240 --> 00:49:30,440 the data to support 6948 00:49:30,440 --> 00:49:30,680 the data to support their 6949 00:49:30,680 --> 00:49:35,920 the data to support their case. 6950 00:49:35,920 --> 00:49:36,160 the data to support their case. We 6951 00:49:36,160 --> 00:49:36,520 the data to support their case. We scientists 6952 00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:36,760 scientists have 6953 00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:36,960 scientists have to 6954 00:49:36,960 --> 00:49:37,240 scientists have to acknowledge 6955 00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:37,520 scientists have to acknowledge we 6956 00:49:37,520 --> 00:49:37,720 scientists have to acknowledge we now 6957 00:49:37,720 --> 00:49:38,040 now operate 6958 00:49:38,040 --> 00:49:38,240 now operate in 6959 00:49:38,240 --> 00:49:38,520 now operate in a 6960 00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:38,760 now operate in a world 6961 00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:38,960 now operate in a world where 6962 00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:39,200 now operate in a world where point 6963 00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:39,400 now operate in a world where point of 6964 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:39,800 of view 6965 00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:40,000 of view not 6966 00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:40,240 of view not peer 6967 00:49:40,240 --> 00:49:40,440 of view not peer review 6968 00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:40,720 of view not peer review holds 6969 00:49:40,720 --> 00:49:44,080 of view not peer review holds sway. 6970 00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:44,280 of view not peer review holds sway. I 6971 00:49:44,280 --> 00:49:44,480 I think 6972 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:44,760 I think part 6973 00:49:44,760 --> 00:49:45,080 I think part of 6974 00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:45,280 I think part of the 6975 00:49:45,280 --> 00:49:45,520 I think part of the problem 6976 00:49:45,520 --> 00:49:45,800 I think part of the problem may 6977 00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:46,080 I think part of the problem may be 6978 00:49:46,080 --> 00:49:46,280 I think part of the problem may be past 6979 00:49:46,280 --> 00:49:46,600 past controversies, 6980 00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:46,840 past controversies, where 6981 00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:47,120 past controversies, where mainstream 6982 00:49:47,120 --> 00:49:47,320 mainstream science 6983 00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:47,520 mainstream science has 6984 00:49:47,520 --> 00:49:47,720 mainstream science has failed 6985 00:49:47,720 --> 00:49:48,160 mainstream science has failed to 6986 00:49:48,160 --> 00:49:48,320 mainstream science has failed to win 6987 00:49:48,320 --> 00:49:48,520 win over 6988 00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:48,720 win over the 6989 00:49:48,720 --> 00:49:54,920 win over the public. 6990 00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:02,840 There 6991 00:50:02,840 --> 00:50:03,080 There is 6992 00:50:03,080 --> 00:50:03,400 There is one 6993 00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:03,640 There is one such 6994 00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:03,920 There is one such subject 6995 00:50:03,920 --> 00:50:04,160 There is one such subject where 6996 00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:04,400 There is one such subject where the 6997 00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:04,560 There is one such subject where the research 6998 00:50:04,560 --> 00:50:04,800 research has 6999 00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:05,160 research has to 7000 00:50:05,160 --> 00:50:05,400 research has to be 7001 00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:05,600 research has to be carried 7002 00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:05,840 research has to be carried out 7003 00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:06,080 research has to be carried out under 7004 00:50:06,080 --> 00:50:06,320 under strict 7005 00:50:06,320 --> 00:50:06,600 under strict security 7006 00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:06,880 under strict security because 7007 00:50:06,880 --> 00:50:07,160 under strict security because feelings 7008 00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:07,400 feelings are 7009 00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:07,640 feelings are still 7010 00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:07,840 feelings are still running 7011 00:50:07,840 --> 00:50:14,920 feelings are still running high. 7012 00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:19,000 Isolated 7013 00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:19,200 Isolated in 7014 00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:19,400 Isolated in a 7015 00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:19,800 Isolated in a remote 7016 00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:20,000 Isolated in a remote corner 7017 00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:20,240 Isolated in a remote corner of 7018 00:50:20,240 --> 00:50:20,480 Isolated in a remote corner of the 7019 00:50:20,480 --> 00:50:20,680 Isolated in a remote corner of the country, 7020 00:50:20,680 --> 00:50:21,000 country, a 7021 00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:21,240 country, a highly 7022 00:50:21,240 --> 00:50:21,560 country, a highly contentious 7023 00:50:21,560 --> 00:50:21,760 country, a highly contentious scientific 7024 00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:22,040 scientific trial 7025 00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:22,240 scientific trial is 7026 00:50:22,240 --> 00:50:22,440 scientific trial is being 7027 00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:30,560 scientific trial is being conducted. 7028 00:50:30,560 --> 00:50:30,800 scientific trial is being conducted. We're 7029 00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:31,080 We're not 7030 00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:31,360 We're not protecting 7031 00:50:31,360 --> 00:50:31,560 We're not protecting the 7032 00:50:31,560 --> 00:50:31,920 We're not protecting the public 7033 00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:32,120 We're not protecting the public from 7034 00:50:32,120 --> 00:50:32,960 from them. 7035 00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:33,200 from them. We're 7036 00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:33,440 from them. We're protecting 7037 00:50:33,440 --> 00:50:33,640 from them. We're protecting them 7038 00:50:33,640 --> 00:50:33,840 from them. We're protecting them from 7039 00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:34,240 from the 7040 00:50:34,240 --> 00:50:34,440 from the anti-GM 7041 00:50:34,440 --> 00:50:34,640 from the anti-GM activists 7042 00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:34,920 from the anti-GM activists who 7043 00:50:34,920 --> 00:50:35,160 from the anti-GM activists who have 7044 00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:35,400 from the anti-GM activists who have been 7045 00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:35,680 been very 7046 00:50:35,680 --> 00:50:35,960 been very keen 7047 00:50:35,960 --> 00:50:36,200 been very keen to 7048 00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:36,480 been very keen to disrupt 7049 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:36,680 been very keen to disrupt GM 7050 00:50:36,680 --> 00:50:40,960 been very keen to disrupt GM trials. 7051 00:50:40,960 --> 00:50:41,160 been very keen to disrupt GM trials. This 7052 00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:41,560 This field 7053 00:50:41,560 --> 00:50:41,760 This field is 7054 00:50:41,760 --> 00:50:42,040 This field is home 7055 00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:42,240 This field is home to 7056 00:50:42,240 --> 00:50:42,520 This field is home to a 7057 00:50:42,520 --> 00:50:42,760 This field is home to a large 7058 00:50:42,760 --> 00:50:42,960 This field is home to a large experiment 7059 00:50:42,960 --> 00:50:43,320 experiment in 7060 00:50:43,320 --> 00:50:43,560 experiment in Genetically 7061 00:50:43,560 --> 00:50:43,760 experiment in Genetically Modified 7062 00:50:43,760 --> 00:50:46,800 experiment in Genetically Modified food. 7063 00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:47,040 food. Professor 7064 00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:47,320 food. Professor Jonathan 7065 00:50:47,320 --> 00:50:47,600 food. Professor Jonathan Jones 7066 00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:47,840 food. Professor Jonathan Jones is 7067 00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:48,040 food. Professor Jonathan Jones is working 7068 00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:48,240 working to 7069 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:48,440 working to create 7070 00:50:48,440 --> 00:50:48,840 working to create a 7071 00:50:48,840 --> 00:50:49,080 working to create a new 7072 00:50:49,080 --> 00:50:49,240 working to create a new kind 7073 00:50:49,240 --> 00:50:49,520 working to create a new kind of 7074 00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:49,760 working to create a new kind of potato 7075 00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:50,040 potato that 7076 00:50:50,040 --> 00:50:50,320 potato that would 7077 00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:50,560 potato that would be 7078 00:50:50,560 --> 00:50:50,840 potato that would be resistant 7079 00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:51,040 potato that would be resistant to 7080 00:50:51,040 --> 00:50:51,280 potato that would be resistant to a 7081 00:50:51,280 --> 00:50:51,480 potato that would be resistant to a mould 7082 00:50:51,480 --> 00:50:51,880 mould called 7083 00:50:51,880 --> 00:50:52,120 mould called late 7084 00:50:52,120 --> 00:50:58,080 mould called late blight. 7085 00:50:58,080 --> 00:50:58,320 mould called late blight. Alongside 7086 00:50:58,320 --> 00:50:58,600 mould called late blight. Alongside standard 7087 00:50:58,600 --> 00:50:58,800 standard potatoes, 7088 00:50:58,800 --> 00:50:59,120 standard potatoes, he 7089 00:50:59,120 --> 00:50:59,360 standard potatoes, he also 7090 00:50:59,360 --> 00:50:59,640 standard potatoes, he also planted 7091 00:50:59,640 --> 00:50:59,840 standard potatoes, he also planted two 7092 00:50:59,840 --> 00:51:00,040 two GM 7093 00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:00,280 two GM varieties, 7094 00:51:00,280 --> 00:51:00,640 two GM varieties, and 7095 00:51:00,640 --> 00:51:00,840 two GM varieties, and waited 7096 00:51:00,840 --> 00:51:01,040 two GM varieties, and waited to 7097 00:51:01,040 --> 00:51:01,280 two GM varieties, and waited to see 7098 00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:01,520 two GM varieties, and waited to see what 7099 00:51:01,520 --> 00:51:01,800 what would 7100 00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:03,480 what would happen. 7101 00:51:03,480 --> 00:51:03,680 what would happen. This 7102 00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:03,880 what would happen. This is 7103 00:51:03,880 --> 00:51:04,160 what would happen. This is perfect 7104 00:51:04,160 --> 00:51:04,320 what would happen. This is perfect blight 7105 00:51:04,320 --> 00:51:04,640 blight weather 7106 00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:06,040 blight weather actually. 7107 00:51:06,040 --> 00:51:06,320 blight weather actually. If 7108 00:51:06,320 --> 00:51:06,560 blight weather actually. If you're 7109 00:51:06,560 --> 00:51:06,880 blight weather actually. If you're a 7110 00:51:06,880 --> 00:51:07,120 a late 7111 00:51:07,120 --> 00:51:07,360 a late blight 7112 00:51:07,360 --> 00:51:07,560 a late blight pathogen 7113 00:51:07,560 --> 00:51:07,760 a late blight pathogen you 7114 00:51:07,760 --> 00:51:07,960 a late blight pathogen you would 7115 00:51:07,960 --> 00:51:08,400 a late blight pathogen you would be 7116 00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:08,560 a late blight pathogen you would be very 7117 00:51:08,560 --> 00:51:08,760 very very 7118 00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:09,040 very very happy 7119 00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:10,760 very very happy today. 7120 00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:11,000 very very happy today. Potato 7121 00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:11,200 very very happy today. Potato blight 7122 00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:11,400 blight is 7123 00:51:11,400 --> 00:51:11,600 blight is a 7124 00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:11,800 blight is a disease 7125 00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:12,240 blight is a disease that 7126 00:51:12,240 --> 00:51:12,400 blight is a disease that caused 7127 00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:12,680 blight is a disease that caused the 7128 00:51:12,680 --> 00:51:12,880 blight is a disease that caused the Irish 7129 00:51:12,880 --> 00:51:13,200 Irish potato 7130 00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:17,080 Irish potato famine. 7131 00:51:17,080 --> 00:51:17,280 Irish potato famine. It 7132 00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:17,680 Irish potato famine. It causes 7133 00:51:17,680 --> 00:51:17,880 Irish potato famine. It causes £3.5 7134 00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:18,120 Irish potato famine. It causes £3.5 billion 7135 00:51:18,120 --> 00:51:18,400 billion a 7136 00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:18,640 billion a year 7137 00:51:18,640 --> 00:51:18,880 billion a year of 7138 00:51:18,880 --> 00:51:19,120 billion a year of losses 7139 00:51:19,120 --> 00:51:19,440 billion a year of losses in 7140 00:51:19,440 --> 00:51:19,680 billion a year of losses in potatoes 7141 00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:19,920 potatoes and 7142 00:51:19,920 --> 00:51:26,760 potatoes and tomatoes. 7143 00:51:26,760 --> 00:51:27,000 potatoes and tomatoes. It's 7144 00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:27,240 potatoes and tomatoes. It's a 7145 00:51:27,240 --> 00:51:27,440 potatoes and tomatoes. It's a fungus-like 7146 00:51:27,440 --> 00:51:27,640 fungus-like organism 7147 00:51:27,640 --> 00:51:28,040 fungus-like organism but 7148 00:51:28,040 --> 00:51:28,280 fungus-like organism but it 7149 00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:28,480 fungus-like organism but it makes 7150 00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:28,640 fungus-like organism but it makes spores 7151 00:51:28,640 --> 00:51:28,880 spores that 7152 00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:29,160 spores that can 7153 00:51:29,160 --> 00:51:29,480 spores that can blow 7154 00:51:29,480 --> 00:51:29,720 spores that can blow around. 7155 00:51:29,720 --> 00:51:30,000 spores that can blow around. We 7156 00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:30,200 spores that can blow around. We didn't 7157 00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:30,440 didn't inoculate 7158 00:51:30,440 --> 00:51:31,360 didn't inoculate this. 7159 00:51:31,360 --> 00:51:31,600 didn't inoculate this. It 7160 00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:31,880 didn't inoculate this. It blew 7161 00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:32,200 didn't inoculate this. It blew in 7162 00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:32,400 didn't inoculate this. It blew in from 7163 00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:32,640 from somebody 7164 00:51:32,640 --> 00:51:32,920 from somebody else's 7165 00:51:32,920 --> 00:51:33,120 from somebody else's field 7166 00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:33,480 from somebody else's field probably 7167 00:51:33,480 --> 00:51:33,720 from somebody else's field probably 7168 00:51:33,720 --> 00:51:33,960 20 to 7169 00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:34,160 20 to 30 7170 00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:34,360 20 to 30 miles 7171 00:51:34,360 --> 00:51:35,960 20 to 30 miles away. 7172 00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:36,160 20 to 30 miles away. It 7173 00:51:36,160 --> 00:51:36,560 20 to 30 miles away. It can 7174 00:51:36,560 --> 00:51:36,800 20 to 30 miles away. It can rip 7175 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:37,000 20 to 30 miles away. It can rip through 7176 00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:37,200 through a 7177 00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:37,400 through a crop 7178 00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:37,800 through a crop in 7179 00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:38,000 through a crop in a 7180 00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,040 through a crop in a week. 7181 00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:40,240 through a crop in a week. The 7182 00:51:40,240 --> 00:51:40,680 through a crop in a week. The trial 7183 00:51:40,680 --> 00:51:40,840 through a crop in a week. The trial is 7184 00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:41,040 is at 7185 00:51:41,040 --> 00:51:41,320 is at an 7186 00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:41,560 is at an early 7187 00:51:41,560 --> 00:51:41,880 is at an early stage, 7188 00:51:41,880 --> 00:51:42,120 is at an early stage, but 7189 00:51:42,120 --> 00:51:42,400 is at an early stage, but the 7190 00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:42,640 is at an early stage, but the GM 7191 00:51:42,640 --> 00:51:42,880 is at an early stage, but the GM varieties 7192 00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:43,080 varieties seem 7193 00:51:43,080 --> 00:51:43,280 varieties seem to 7194 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:43,680 varieties seem to be 7195 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:43,920 varieties seem to be standing 7196 00:51:43,920 --> 00:51:44,120 varieties seem to be standing up 7197 00:51:44,120 --> 00:51:44,320 varieties seem to be standing up to 7198 00:51:44,320 --> 00:51:44,520 varieties seem to be standing up to the 7199 00:51:44,520 --> 00:51:44,800 the blight 7200 00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:45,120 the blight much 7201 00:51:45,120 --> 00:51:45,360 the blight much better 7202 00:51:45,360 --> 00:51:45,600 the blight much better than 7203 00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:45,880 the blight much better than the 7204 00:51:45,880 --> 00:51:46,120 the blight much better than the standard 7205 00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:51,200 standard ones. 7206 00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:51,400 standard ones. Farmers 7207 00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:51,640 standard ones. Farmers actually 7208 00:51:51,640 --> 00:51:51,960 standard ones. Farmers actually spend 7209 00:51:51,960 --> 00:51:52,160 spend about 7210 00:51:52,160 --> 00:51:52,480 spend about £500 7211 00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:52,720 spend about £500 a 7212 00:51:52,720 --> 00:51:53,000 spend about £500 a hectare 7213 00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:53,240 spend about £500 a hectare controlling 7214 00:51:53,240 --> 00:51:53,440 controlling this 7215 00:51:53,440 --> 00:51:53,640 controlling this disease 7216 00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:54,040 controlling this disease so 7217 00:51:54,040 --> 00:51:54,240 controlling this disease so if 7218 00:51:54,240 --> 00:51:54,480 controlling this disease so if you 7219 00:51:54,480 --> 00:51:54,680 controlling this disease so if you have 7220 00:51:54,680 --> 00:51:54,880 have 100 7221 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:55,160 have 100 hectares 7222 00:51:55,160 --> 00:51:55,480 have 100 hectares of 7223 00:51:55,480 --> 00:51:55,680 have 100 hectares of potatoes 7224 00:51:55,680 --> 00:51:55,960 have 100 hectares of potatoes that's 7225 00:51:55,960 --> 00:51:56,240 that's £50,000 7226 00:51:56,240 --> 00:51:56,440 that's £50,000 out 7227 00:51:56,440 --> 00:51:56,720 that's £50,000 out the 7228 00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:57,000 that's £50,000 out the door 7229 00:51:57,000 --> 00:51:57,320 that's £50,000 out the door for 7230 00:51:57,320 --> 00:51:57,520 that's £50,000 out the door for spraying 7231 00:51:57,520 --> 00:51:57,720 spraying 15 7232 00:51:57,720 --> 00:51:57,920 spraying 15 times 7233 00:51:57,920 --> 00:51:58,120 spraying 15 times a 7234 00:51:58,120 --> 00:51:58,520 spraying 15 times a year 7235 00:51:58,520 --> 00:51:58,720 spraying 15 times a year to 7236 00:51:58,720 --> 00:51:58,960 spraying 15 times a year to control 7237 00:51:58,960 --> 00:51:59,200 spraying 15 times a year to control the 7238 00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:02,080 the disease. 7239 00:52:02,080 --> 00:52:02,400 the disease. Clearly 7240 00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:02,560 the disease. Clearly it 7241 00:52:02,560 --> 00:52:02,880 the disease. Clearly it would 7242 00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:03,120 the disease. Clearly it would be 7243 00:52:03,120 --> 00:52:03,400 the disease. Clearly it would be better 7244 00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:03,600 better if 7245 00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:03,800 better if we 7246 00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:04,000 better if we didn't 7247 00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:04,440 better if we didn't have 7248 00:52:04,440 --> 00:52:04,600 better if we didn't have to 7249 00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:04,840 better if we didn't have to do 7250 00:52:04,840 --> 00:52:05,080 better if we didn't have to do all 7251 00:52:05,080 --> 00:52:05,280 better if we didn't have to do all that 7252 00:52:05,280 --> 00:52:05,560 that spraying. 7253 00:52:05,560 --> 00:52:05,840 that spraying. What 7254 00:52:05,840 --> 00:52:06,120 that spraying. What we're 7255 00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:06,320 that spraying. What we're trying 7256 00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:06,640 that spraying. What we're trying to 7257 00:52:06,640 --> 00:52:06,840 that spraying. What we're trying to do 7258 00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:07,040 do here 7259 00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:07,240 do here is 7260 00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:07,680 do here is get 7261 00:52:07,680 --> 00:52:07,880 do here is get genes 7262 00:52:07,880 --> 00:52:08,080 do here is get genes into 7263 00:52:08,080 --> 00:52:08,280 do here is get genes into the 7264 00:52:08,280 --> 00:52:08,520 do here is get genes into the potatoes 7265 00:52:08,520 --> 00:52:08,800 potatoes that 7266 00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:09,080 potatoes that would 7267 00:52:09,080 --> 00:52:09,280 potatoes that would mitigate 7268 00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:09,600 potatoes that would mitigate the 7269 00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:09,880 potatoes that would mitigate the need 7270 00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:10,080 need for 7271 00:52:10,080 --> 00:52:10,320 need for all 7272 00:52:10,320 --> 00:52:10,640 need for all that 7273 00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:10,880 need for all that spraying. 7274 00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:11,120 need for all that spraying. But 7275 00:52:11,120 --> 00:52:11,320 need for all that spraying. But it's 7276 00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:11,520 it's this 7277 00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:11,720 it's this manipulation 7278 00:52:11,720 --> 00:52:12,120 it's this manipulation of 7279 00:52:12,120 --> 00:52:12,360 it's this manipulation of genes 7280 00:52:12,360 --> 00:52:12,560 it's this manipulation of genes that's 7281 00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:12,800 that's the 7282 00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:13,040 that's the source 7283 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:13,320 that's the source of 7284 00:52:13,320 --> 00:52:13,640 that's the source of contention. 7285 00:52:13,640 --> 00:52:13,880 that's the source of contention. Critics 7286 00:52:13,880 --> 00:52:14,080 Critics have 7287 00:52:14,080 --> 00:52:14,360 Critics have objected 7288 00:52:14,360 --> 00:52:14,560 Critics have objected on 7289 00:52:14,560 --> 00:52:14,760 Critics have objected on several 7290 00:52:14,760 --> 00:52:15,160 Critics have objected on several grounds, 7291 00:52:15,160 --> 00:52:15,400 grounds, from 7292 00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:15,560 grounds, from safety 7293 00:52:15,560 --> 00:52:15,800 grounds, from safety issues 7294 00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:16,040 grounds, from safety issues to 7295 00:52:16,040 --> 00:52:16,280 grounds, from safety issues to environmental 7296 00:52:16,280 --> 00:52:20,240 environmental concerns. 7297 00:52:20,240 --> 00:52:20,440 environmental concerns. It's 7298 00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:20,680 environmental concerns. It's time 7299 00:52:20,680 --> 00:52:20,920 environmental concerns. It's time for 7300 00:52:20,920 --> 00:52:21,160 for us 7301 00:52:21,160 --> 00:52:21,440 for us to 7302 00:52:21,440 --> 00:52:21,720 for us to say 7303 00:52:21,720 --> 00:52:22,000 for us to say no, 7304 00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:22,280 for us to say no, we 7305 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:22,480 for us to say no, we don't 7306 00:52:22,480 --> 00:52:22,720 for us to say no, we don't want 7307 00:52:22,720 --> 00:52:22,920 for us to say no, we don't want it, 7308 00:52:22,920 --> 00:52:23,120 for us to say no, we don't want it, we 7309 00:52:23,120 --> 00:52:23,520 we don't 7310 00:52:23,520 --> 00:52:23,720 we don't want 7311 00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:23,920 we don't want their 7312 00:52:23,920 --> 00:52:24,200 we don't want their new 7313 00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:24,440 we don't want their new technology, 7314 00:52:24,440 --> 00:52:24,640 we don't want their new technology, it 7315 00:52:24,640 --> 00:52:25,000 it doesn't 7316 00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:25,200 it doesn't benefit 7317 00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:25,520 it doesn't benefit us, 7318 00:52:25,520 --> 00:52:25,720 it doesn't benefit us, it 7319 00:52:25,720 --> 00:52:25,960 it doesn't benefit us, it doesn't 7320 00:52:25,960 --> 00:52:26,160 it doesn't benefit us, it doesn't benefit 7321 00:52:26,160 --> 00:52:26,560 benefit the 7322 00:52:26,560 --> 00:52:26,760 benefit the environment, 7323 00:52:26,760 --> 00:52:26,960 benefit the environment, in 7324 00:52:26,960 --> 00:52:27,160 benefit the environment, in fact 7325 00:52:27,160 --> 00:52:27,400 benefit the environment, in fact it 7326 00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:27,680 benefit the environment, in fact it threatens 7327 00:52:27,680 --> 00:52:28,000 threatens us 7328 00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:28,240 threatens us and 7329 00:52:28,240 --> 00:52:28,440 threatens us and the 7330 00:52:28,440 --> 00:52:29,400 threatens us and the environment. 7331 00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:29,800 threatens us and the environment. The 7332 00:52:29,800 --> 00:52:30,000 The GM 7333 00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:30,200 The GM debate 7334 00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:30,400 The GM debate once 7335 00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:30,680 The GM debate once again 7336 00:52:30,680 --> 00:52:31,000 The GM debate once again raises 7337 00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:31,240 The GM debate once again raises the 7338 00:52:31,240 --> 00:52:31,480 The GM debate once again raises the question 7339 00:52:31,480 --> 00:52:31,720 question of 7340 00:52:31,720 --> 00:52:32,000 question of public 7341 00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:32,200 question of public trust 7342 00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:32,560 question of public trust in 7343 00:52:32,560 --> 00:52:34,880 question of public trust in science. 7344 00:52:34,880 --> 00:52:35,080 question of public trust in science. There's 7345 00:52:35,080 --> 00:52:35,320 There's a 7346 00:52:35,320 --> 00:52:35,480 There's a gap 7347 00:52:35,480 --> 00:52:35,720 There's a gap between 7348 00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:36,080 There's a gap between the 7349 00:52:36,080 --> 00:52:36,320 There's a gap between the fears 7350 00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:36,520 There's a gap between the fears of 7351 00:52:36,520 --> 00:52:36,760 There's a gap between the fears of some 7352 00:52:36,760 --> 00:52:37,000 some sections 7353 00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:37,280 some sections of 7354 00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:37,600 some sections of the 7355 00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:37,800 some sections of the public, 7356 00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:38,080 some sections of the public, and 7357 00:52:38,080 --> 00:52:38,320 some sections of the public, and the 7358 00:52:38,320 --> 00:52:38,560 the opinion 7359 00:52:38,560 --> 00:52:38,760 the opinion of 7360 00:52:38,760 --> 00:52:39,120 the opinion of scientists 7361 00:52:39,120 --> 00:52:39,360 the opinion of scientists that 7362 00:52:39,360 --> 00:52:39,560 the opinion of scientists that what 7363 00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:39,760 the opinion of scientists that what they 7364 00:52:39,760 --> 00:52:39,960 they are 7365 00:52:39,960 --> 00:52:40,240 they are doing 7366 00:52:40,240 --> 00:52:40,560 they are doing is 7367 00:52:40,560 --> 00:52:40,800 they are doing is both 7368 00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:41,000 they are doing is both useful 7369 00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:41,320 they are doing is both useful and 7370 00:52:41,320 --> 00:52:44,800 they are doing is both useful and safe. 7371 00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:45,040 safe. I 7372 00:52:45,040 --> 00:52:45,240 safe. I think 7373 00:52:45,240 --> 00:52:45,440 safe. I think my 7374 00:52:45,440 --> 00:52:45,680 safe. I think my primary 7375 00:52:45,680 --> 00:52:46,080 safe. I think my primary emotion 7376 00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:46,280 safe. I think my primary emotion is 7377 00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:46,640 safe. I think my primary emotion is bemusement. 7378 00:52:46,640 --> 00:52:46,880 bemusement. Where 7379 00:52:46,880 --> 00:52:47,280 bemusement. Where are 7380 00:52:47,280 --> 00:52:47,480 bemusement. Where are they 7381 00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:47,720 bemusement. Where are they coming 7382 00:52:47,720 --> 00:52:48,880 bemusement. Where are they coming from? 7383 00:52:48,880 --> 00:52:49,240 from? What 7384 00:52:49,240 --> 00:52:49,480 from? What is 7385 00:52:49,480 --> 00:52:49,720 from? What is going 7386 00:52:49,720 --> 00:52:49,920 from? What is going on 7387 00:52:49,920 --> 00:52:50,120 from? What is going on in 7388 00:52:50,120 --> 00:52:50,400 from? What is going on in their 7389 00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:50,760 from? What is going on in their heads 7390 00:52:50,760 --> 00:52:50,920 heads that 7391 00:52:50,920 --> 00:52:51,160 heads that they 7392 00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:51,400 heads that they feel 7393 00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:51,680 heads that they feel so 7394 00:52:51,680 --> 00:52:51,920 heads that they feel so strongly 7395 00:52:51,920 --> 00:52:52,200 heads that they feel so strongly that 7396 00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:52,480 that this 7397 00:52:52,480 --> 00:52:52,720 that this must 7398 00:52:52,720 --> 00:52:52,960 that this must be 7399 00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:53,200 that this must be campaigned 7400 00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,480 that this must be campaigned against. 7401 00:52:56,760 --> 00:52:57,040 They 7402 00:52:57,040 --> 00:52:57,320 They often 7403 00:52:57,320 --> 00:52:57,560 They often assert 7404 00:52:57,560 --> 00:52:57,840 They often assert this 7405 00:52:57,840 --> 00:52:58,040 They often assert this is 7406 00:52:58,040 --> 00:52:58,240 They often assert this is a 7407 00:52:58,240 --> 00:52:58,680 They often assert this is a failed 7408 00:52:58,680 --> 00:53:01,480 They often assert this is a failed technology. 7409 00:53:03,960 --> 00:53:04,160 If 7410 00:53:04,160 --> 00:53:04,480 If it's 7411 00:53:04,480 --> 00:53:04,720 If it's failed 7412 00:53:04,720 --> 00:53:04,960 If it's failed why 7413 00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:05,280 If it's failed why do 7414 00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:05,520 If it's failed why do 14 7415 00:53:05,520 --> 00:53:05,760 If it's failed why do 14 million 7416 00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:05,960 If it's failed why do 14 million farmers 7417 00:53:05,960 --> 00:53:06,160 farmers plant 7418 00:53:06,160 --> 00:53:06,360 farmers plant 134 7419 00:53:06,360 --> 00:53:06,760 farmers plant 134 million 7420 00:53:06,760 --> 00:53:07,000 farmers plant 134 million hectares 7421 00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:07,160 farmers plant 134 million hectares of 7422 00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:08,560 of it? 7423 00:53:08,560 --> 00:53:08,800 of it? They 7424 00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:09,000 of it? They do 7425 00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:09,360 of it? They do so 7426 00:53:09,360 --> 00:53:09,600 of it? They do so because 7427 00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:09,840 of it? They do so because it 7428 00:53:09,840 --> 00:53:10,040 of it? They do so because it works, 7429 00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:10,240 of it? They do so because it works, farmers 7430 00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:10,440 farmers are 7431 00:53:10,440 --> 00:53:10,840 farmers are not 7432 00:53:10,840 --> 00:53:14,480 farmers are not stupid. 7433 00:53:14,480 --> 00:53:14,720 farmers are not stupid. There 7434 00:53:14,720 --> 00:53:14,920 farmers are not stupid. There seems 7435 00:53:14,920 --> 00:53:15,120 farmers are not stupid. There seems to 7436 00:53:15,120 --> 00:53:15,360 to be 7437 00:53:15,360 --> 00:53:15,720 to be a 7438 00:53:15,720 --> 00:53:15,920 to be a mutual 7439 00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:16,120 to be a mutual misunderstanding 7440 00:53:16,120 --> 00:53:16,400 to be a mutual misunderstanding from 7441 00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:16,640 from both 7442 00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:16,920 from both the 7443 00:53:16,920 --> 00:53:17,160 from both the scientists 7444 00:53:17,160 --> 00:53:17,440 from both the scientists and 7445 00:53:17,440 --> 00:53:17,720 from both the scientists and the 7446 00:53:17,720 --> 00:53:19,360 from both the scientists and the public. 7447 00:53:19,360 --> 00:53:19,560 public. The 7448 00:53:19,560 --> 00:53:19,800 public. The controversy 7449 00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:20,040 public. The controversy surrounding 7450 00:53:20,040 --> 00:53:20,280 public. The controversy surrounding GM 7451 00:53:20,280 --> 00:53:20,600 GM was 7452 00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:20,800 GM was something 7453 00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:21,080 GM was something I 7454 00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:21,320 GM was something I really 7455 00:53:21,320 --> 00:53:21,560 GM was something I really wanted 7456 00:53:21,560 --> 00:53:21,880 GM was something I really wanted to 7457 00:53:21,880 --> 00:53:23,840 GM was something I really wanted to understand. 7458 00:53:23,840 --> 00:53:24,040 understand. I 7459 00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:24,240 understand. I went 7460 00:53:24,240 --> 00:53:24,440 understand. I went and 7461 00:53:24,440 --> 00:53:24,680 understand. I went and talked 7462 00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:24,960 understand. I went and talked to 7463 00:53:24,960 --> 00:53:25,200 understand. I went and talked to members 7464 00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:25,520 members of 7465 00:53:25,520 --> 00:53:25,760 members of the 7466 00:53:25,760 --> 00:53:26,000 members of the public 7467 00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:26,280 members of the public to 7468 00:53:26,280 --> 00:53:26,480 members of the public to find 7469 00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:26,680 members of the public to find out 7470 00:53:26,680 --> 00:53:27,040 members of the public to find out why 7471 00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:27,280 why they 7472 00:53:27,280 --> 00:53:27,480 why they were 7473 00:53:27,480 --> 00:53:27,680 why they were so 7474 00:53:27,680 --> 00:53:27,960 why they were so against 7475 00:53:27,960 --> 00:53:28,320 why they were so against it. 7476 00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:28,520 why they were so against it. One 7477 00:53:28,520 --> 00:53:28,720 why they were so against it. One thing 7478 00:53:28,720 --> 00:53:29,000 thing that 7479 00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:29,320 thing that came 7480 00:53:29,320 --> 00:53:29,560 thing that came up 7481 00:53:29,560 --> 00:53:29,800 thing that came up very 7482 00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:30,080 thing that came up very often 7483 00:53:30,080 --> 00:53:30,280 thing that came up very often was 7484 00:53:30,280 --> 00:53:30,560 thing that came up very often was that 7485 00:53:30,560 --> 00:53:30,840 that they 7486 00:53:30,840 --> 00:53:31,120 that they were 7487 00:53:31,120 --> 00:53:31,360 that they were against 7488 00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:31,560 that they were against eating 7489 00:53:31,560 --> 00:53:31,760 that they were against eating food 7490 00:53:31,760 --> 00:53:32,000 that they were against eating food with 7491 00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:32,240 with genes 7492 00:53:32,240 --> 00:53:32,560 with genes in 7493 00:53:32,560 --> 00:53:35,200 with genes in it. 7494 00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:35,440 with genes in it. That's 7495 00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:35,680 with genes in it. That's something 7496 00:53:35,680 --> 00:53:36,000 with genes in it. That's something that 7497 00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:36,280 that would 7498 00:53:36,280 --> 00:53:36,520 that would never 7499 00:53:36,520 --> 00:53:36,760 that would never occur 7500 00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:37,040 that would never occur to 7501 00:53:37,040 --> 00:53:37,240 that would never occur to a 7502 00:53:37,240 --> 00:53:37,440 that would never occur to a scientist 7503 00:53:37,440 --> 00:53:37,840 scientist because 7504 00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:38,040 scientist because a 7505 00:53:38,040 --> 00:53:38,240 scientist because a scientist 7506 00:53:38,240 --> 00:53:38,440 scientist because a scientist obviously 7507 00:53:38,440 --> 00:53:38,680 obviously knows 7508 00:53:38,680 --> 00:53:38,920 obviously knows all 7509 00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:39,280 obviously knows all food 7510 00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:39,480 obviously knows all food has 7511 00:53:39,480 --> 00:53:39,760 obviously knows all food has genes 7512 00:53:39,760 --> 00:53:40,000 obviously knows all food has genes in 7513 00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,040 in it. 7514 00:53:42,040 --> 00:53:42,320 in it. But 7515 00:53:42,320 --> 00:53:42,520 in it. But why 7516 00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:42,720 in it. But why should 7517 00:53:42,720 --> 00:53:42,920 in it. But why should a 7518 00:53:42,920 --> 00:53:43,120 in it. But why should a member 7519 00:53:43,120 --> 00:53:43,560 in it. But why should a member of 7520 00:53:43,560 --> 00:53:43,760 in it. But why should a member of the 7521 00:53:43,760 --> 00:53:43,960 the public 7522 00:53:43,960 --> 00:53:44,200 the public know 7523 00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:49,160 the public know that? 7524 00:53:49,160 --> 00:53:49,440 the public know that? What 7525 00:53:49,440 --> 00:53:49,760 the public know that? What had 7526 00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:49,960 the public know that? What had happened 7527 00:53:49,960 --> 00:53:50,200 happened here, 7528 00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:50,440 happened here, is 7529 00:53:50,440 --> 00:53:50,640 happened here, is that 7530 00:53:50,640 --> 00:53:50,880 happened here, is that we 7531 00:53:50,880 --> 00:53:51,240 happened here, is that we scientists 7532 00:53:51,240 --> 00:53:51,440 scientists hadn't 7533 00:53:51,440 --> 00:53:51,680 scientists hadn't gone 7534 00:53:51,680 --> 00:53:51,880 scientists hadn't gone out 7535 00:53:51,880 --> 00:53:52,160 scientists hadn't gone out there 7536 00:53:52,160 --> 00:53:52,400 scientists hadn't gone out there and 7537 00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:52,680 and asked 7538 00:53:52,680 --> 00:53:52,960 and asked what 7539 00:53:52,960 --> 00:53:53,200 and asked what bothered 7540 00:53:53,200 --> 00:53:53,480 and asked what bothered the 7541 00:53:53,480 --> 00:53:53,720 and asked what bothered the public, 7542 00:53:53,720 --> 00:53:53,920 and asked what bothered the public, we 7543 00:53:53,920 --> 00:53:54,120 we hadn't 7544 00:53:54,120 --> 00:53:54,520 we hadn't had 7545 00:53:54,520 --> 00:53:54,720 we hadn't had dialogue 7546 00:53:54,720 --> 00:53:54,920 we hadn't had dialogue with 7547 00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:56,360 we hadn't had dialogue with them. 7548 00:53:56,360 --> 00:53:56,560 we hadn't had dialogue with them. Scientists 7549 00:53:56,560 --> 00:53:56,800 Scientists had 7550 00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:57,040 Scientists had forgotten 7551 00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:57,320 Scientists had forgotten that 7552 00:53:57,320 --> 00:53:57,640 Scientists had forgotten that we 7553 00:53:57,640 --> 00:53:57,880 Scientists had forgotten that we don't 7554 00:53:57,880 --> 00:53:58,120 don't operate 7555 00:53:58,120 --> 00:53:58,360 don't operate in 7556 00:53:58,360 --> 00:53:58,560 don't operate in an 7557 00:53:58,560 --> 00:53:58,760 don't operate in an isolated 7558 00:53:58,760 --> 00:54:01,280 don't operate in an isolated bubble. 7559 00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:01,520 don't operate in an isolated bubble. We 7560 00:54:01,520 --> 00:54:01,760 We cannot 7561 00:54:01,760 --> 00:54:02,040 We cannot take 7562 00:54:02,040 --> 00:54:02,240 We cannot take the 7563 00:54:02,240 --> 00:54:02,440 We cannot take the public 7564 00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:02,840 We cannot take the public for 7565 00:54:02,840 --> 00:54:04,000 We cannot take the public for granted. 7566 00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:04,240 granted. We 7567 00:54:04,240 --> 00:54:04,440 granted. We have 7568 00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:04,840 granted. We have to 7569 00:54:04,840 --> 00:54:05,080 granted. We have to talk 7570 00:54:05,080 --> 00:54:05,280 granted. We have to talk to 7571 00:54:05,280 --> 00:54:05,480 granted. We have to talk to them, 7572 00:54:05,480 --> 00:54:05,680 granted. We have to talk to them, we 7573 00:54:05,680 --> 00:54:05,960 we have 7574 00:54:05,960 --> 00:54:06,280 we have to 7575 00:54:06,280 --> 00:54:06,520 we have to communicate 7576 00:54:06,520 --> 00:54:06,760 we have to communicate the 7577 00:54:06,760 --> 00:54:07,040 we have to communicate the issues. 7578 00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:07,280 we have to communicate the issues. We 7579 00:54:07,280 --> 00:54:07,520 We have 7580 00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:07,720 We have to 7581 00:54:07,720 --> 00:54:08,080 We have to earn 7582 00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:08,280 We have to earn their 7583 00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:08,520 We have to earn their trust 7584 00:54:08,520 --> 00:54:08,720 We have to earn their trust if 7585 00:54:08,720 --> 00:54:08,920 We have to earn their trust if science 7586 00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:09,320 science really 7587 00:54:09,320 --> 00:54:09,520 science really is 7588 00:54:09,520 --> 00:54:09,720 science really is going 7589 00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:09,960 science really is going to 7590 00:54:09,960 --> 00:54:10,240 science really is going to benefit 7591 00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:15,040 science really is going to benefit society. 7592 00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:18,880 Over 7593 00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:19,080 Over the 7594 00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:19,280 Over the next 7595 00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:19,680 Over the next few 7596 00:54:19,680 --> 00:54:19,920 Over the next few years, 7597 00:54:19,920 --> 00:54:20,120 Over the next few years, every 7598 00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:20,400 Over the next few years, every country 7599 00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:20,600 country on 7600 00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:20,880 country on the 7601 00:54:20,880 --> 00:54:21,120 country on the globe 7602 00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:21,400 country on the globe faces 7603 00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:21,680 country on the globe faces tough 7604 00:54:21,680 --> 00:54:21,920 country on the globe faces tough decisions 7605 00:54:21,920 --> 00:54:22,120 decisions over 7606 00:54:22,120 --> 00:54:22,320 decisions over what 7607 00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:22,520 decisions over what to 7608 00:54:22,520 --> 00:54:22,960 decisions over what to do 7609 00:54:22,960 --> 00:54:23,160 decisions over what to do about 7610 00:54:23,160 --> 00:54:23,360 decisions over what to do about climate 7611 00:54:23,360 --> 00:54:27,600 climate change. 7612 00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:27,840 climate change. I've 7613 00:54:27,840 --> 00:54:28,040 climate change. I've been 7614 00:54:28,040 --> 00:54:28,320 climate change. I've been thinking 7615 00:54:28,320 --> 00:54:28,520 climate change. I've been thinking how 7616 00:54:28,520 --> 00:54:28,840 how scientists 7617 00:54:28,840 --> 00:54:29,040 how scientists can 7618 00:54:29,040 --> 00:54:29,360 how scientists can win 7619 00:54:29,360 --> 00:54:29,560 how scientists can win back 7620 00:54:29,560 --> 00:54:29,840 how scientists can win back the 7621 00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:30,080 how scientists can win back the confidence 7622 00:54:30,080 --> 00:54:30,240 confidence we're 7623 00:54:30,240 --> 00:54:30,480 confidence we're going 7624 00:54:30,480 --> 00:54:30,880 confidence we're going to 7625 00:54:30,880 --> 00:54:31,080 confidence we're going to need 7626 00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:31,280 confidence we're going to need if 7627 00:54:31,280 --> 00:54:31,480 confidence we're going to need if we're 7628 00:54:31,480 --> 00:54:31,760 we're going 7629 00:54:31,760 --> 00:54:32,000 we're going to 7630 00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:32,280 we're going to make 7631 00:54:32,280 --> 00:54:32,560 we're going to make those 7632 00:54:32,560 --> 00:54:32,800 we're going to make those choices 7633 00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:39,920 we're going to make those choices wisely. 7634 00:54:39,920 --> 00:54:40,200 wisely. Quite 7635 00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:40,400 wisely. Quite a 7636 00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:40,680 wisely. Quite a grand 7637 00:54:40,680 --> 00:54:43,680 wisely. Quite a grand door. 7638 00:54:43,680 --> 00:54:43,920 wisely. Quite a grand door. To 7639 00:54:43,920 --> 00:54:44,160 wisely. Quite a grand door. To a 7640 00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:44,480 wisely. Quite a grand door. To a rather 7641 00:54:44,480 --> 00:54:44,680 rather workman-like 7642 00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:45,000 rather workman-like area, 7643 00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:45,240 rather workman-like area, we're 7644 00:54:45,240 --> 00:54:45,480 rather workman-like area, we're going 7645 00:54:45,480 --> 00:54:45,680 going down 7646 00:54:45,680 --> 00:54:45,880 going down to 7647 00:54:45,880 --> 00:54:46,120 going down to the 7648 00:54:46,120 --> 00:54:46,320 going down to the basement. 7649 00:54:46,320 --> 00:54:46,720 going down to the basement. Oh 7650 00:54:46,720 --> 00:54:48,760 going down to the basement. Oh wow! 7651 00:54:48,760 --> 00:54:48,960 going down to the basement. Oh wow! Before 7652 00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:49,160 Before I 7653 00:54:49,160 --> 00:54:49,440 Before I started 7654 00:54:49,440 --> 00:54:49,760 Before I started my 7655 00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:50,000 Before I started my Presidency 7656 00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:50,240 Before I started my Presidency of 7657 00:54:50,240 --> 00:54:50,480 Before I started my Presidency of the 7658 00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:50,720 the Royal 7659 00:54:50,720 --> 00:54:51,000 the Royal Society, 7660 00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:51,320 the Royal Society, Keith 7661 00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:51,560 the Royal Society, Keith Moore, 7662 00:54:51,560 --> 00:54:51,800 the Royal Society, Keith Moore, the 7663 00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:52,000 the Royal Society, Keith Moore, the head 7664 00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:52,200 head Librarian, 7665 00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:52,400 head Librarian, wanted 7666 00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:52,800 head Librarian, wanted to 7667 00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:53,000 head Librarian, wanted to take 7668 00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:53,240 head Librarian, wanted to take me 7669 00:54:53,240 --> 00:54:53,440 head Librarian, wanted to take me on 7670 00:54:53,440 --> 00:54:53,720 on a 7671 00:54:53,720 --> 00:54:53,960 on a tour 7672 00:54:53,960 --> 00:54:54,280 on a tour of 7673 00:54:54,280 --> 00:54:54,520 on a tour of the 7674 00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:54,800 on a tour of the archives 7675 00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:55,040 on a tour of the archives to 7676 00:54:55,040 --> 00:54:55,280 on a tour of the archives to give 7677 00:54:55,280 --> 00:54:55,440 on a tour of the archives to give me 7678 00:54:55,440 --> 00:54:55,840 me a 7679 00:54:55,840 --> 00:54:56,040 me a glimpse 7680 00:54:56,040 --> 00:54:56,240 me a glimpse of 7681 00:54:56,240 --> 00:54:56,480 me a glimpse of some 7682 00:54:56,480 --> 00:54:56,720 me a glimpse of some of 7683 00:54:56,720 --> 00:54:56,920 me a glimpse of some of the 7684 00:54:56,920 --> 00:54:57,280 me a glimpse of some of the jewels 7685 00:54:57,280 --> 00:54:57,520 me a glimpse of some of the jewels they 7686 00:54:57,520 --> 00:54:58,280 they contain. 7687 00:54:58,280 --> 00:54:58,480 they contain. Here 7688 00:54:58,480 --> 00:54:58,680 they contain. Here we 7689 00:54:58,680 --> 00:54:58,920 they contain. Here we hold 7690 00:54:58,920 --> 00:54:59,320 they contain. Here we hold some 7691 00:54:59,320 --> 00:54:59,520 they contain. Here we hold some of 7692 00:54:59,520 --> 00:54:59,720 they contain. Here we hold some of the 7693 00:54:59,720 --> 00:54:59,960 the genuinely 7694 00:54:59,960 --> 00:55:00,240 the genuinely rare 7695 00:55:00,240 --> 00:55:00,480 the genuinely rare materials 7696 00:55:00,480 --> 00:55:00,760 the genuinely rare materials from 7697 00:55:00,760 --> 00:55:01,000 the genuinely rare materials from the 7698 00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:01,280 the book 7699 00:55:01,280 --> 00:55:04,880 the book stock. 7700 00:55:04,880 --> 00:55:05,120 the book stock. Being 7701 00:55:05,120 --> 00:55:05,360 the book stock. Being surrounded 7702 00:55:05,360 --> 00:55:05,600 the book stock. Being surrounded by 7703 00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:05,800 the book stock. Being surrounded by the 7704 00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:06,000 the products 7705 00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:06,400 the products of 7706 00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:06,640 the products of so 7707 00:55:06,640 --> 00:55:06,800 the products of so many 7708 00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:07,000 the products of so many brilliant 7709 00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:07,280 the products of so many brilliant minds 7710 00:55:07,280 --> 00:55:07,520 minds is 7711 00:55:07,520 --> 00:55:07,840 minds is quite 7712 00:55:07,840 --> 00:55:08,080 minds is quite a 7713 00:55:08,080 --> 00:55:08,360 minds is quite a humbling 7714 00:55:08,360 --> 00:55:13,720 minds is quite a humbling experience. 7715 00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:13,920 experience. These 7716 00:55:13,920 --> 00:55:14,200 experience. These are 7717 00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:14,400 experience. These are the 7718 00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:14,800 experience. These are the minutes 7719 00:55:14,800 --> 00:55:14,960 experience. These are the minutes of 7720 00:55:14,960 --> 00:55:15,240 of the 7721 00:55:15,240 --> 00:55:15,840 of the meetings. 7722 00:55:15,840 --> 00:55:16,080 of the meetings. All 7723 00:55:16,080 --> 00:55:16,360 of the meetings. All the 7724 00:55:16,360 --> 00:55:18,200 of the meetings. All the notes! 7725 00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:18,400 of the meetings. All the notes! Yes, 7726 00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:18,640 of the meetings. All the notes! Yes, this 7727 00:55:18,640 --> 00:55:18,840 this goes 7728 00:55:18,840 --> 00:55:19,160 this goes right 7729 00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:19,440 this goes right back 7730 00:55:19,440 --> 00:55:19,720 this goes right back to 7731 00:55:19,720 --> 00:55:19,920 this goes right back to the 7732 00:55:19,920 --> 00:55:20,200 this goes right back to the first 7733 00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:20,440 this goes right back to the first meeting 7734 00:55:20,440 --> 00:55:20,640 meeting of 7735 00:55:20,640 --> 00:55:21,000 meeting of the 7736 00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:21,240 meeting of the RS 7737 00:55:21,240 --> 00:55:21,440 meeting of the RS Really? 7738 00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:21,640 meeting of the RS Really? What 7739 00:55:21,640 --> 00:55:21,880 meeting of the RS Really? What year 7740 00:55:21,880 --> 00:55:22,080 meeting of the RS Really? What year is 7741 00:55:22,080 --> 00:55:23,240 is this? 7742 00:55:23,240 --> 00:55:25,520 is this? 1660. 7743 00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:25,840 is this? 1660. So 7744 00:55:25,840 --> 00:55:26,120 is this? 1660. So here 7745 00:55:26,120 --> 00:55:26,320 is this? 1660. So here we 7746 00:55:26,320 --> 00:55:26,520 is this? 1660. So here we have 7747 00:55:26,520 --> 00:55:26,760 is this? 1660. So here we have the 7748 00:55:26,760 --> 00:55:27,000 is this? 1660. So here we have the memorandum 7749 00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:27,320 memorandum on 7750 00:55:27,320 --> 00:55:27,560 memorandum on 28 7751 00:55:27,560 --> 00:55:27,800 memorandum on 28 November 7752 00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:32,600 memorandum on 28 November 1660. 7753 00:55:32,600 --> 00:55:32,840 memorandum on 28 November 1660. First 7754 00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:33,040 First meeting 7755 00:55:33,040 --> 00:55:33,440 First meeting of 7756 00:55:33,440 --> 00:55:33,640 First meeting of the 7757 00:55:33,640 --> 00:55:35,040 First meeting of the organisation. 7758 00:55:35,040 --> 00:55:35,200 First meeting of the organisation. Look 7759 00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:35,480 Look at 7760 00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:36,880 Look at that. 7761 00:55:36,880 --> 00:55:37,080 Look at that. Not 7762 00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:37,320 Look at that. Not even 7763 00:55:37,320 --> 00:55:37,520 Look at that. Not even called 7764 00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:37,880 Look at that. Not even called the 7765 00:55:37,880 --> 00:55:38,080 Look at that. Not even called the Royal 7766 00:55:38,080 --> 00:55:48,240 Royal Society. 7767 00:55:48,240 --> 00:55:48,520 Royal Society. Is 7768 00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:48,800 Royal Society. Is that 7769 00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:50,080 Royal Society. Is that Wren? 7770 00:55:50,080 --> 00:55:50,280 Royal Society. Is that Wren? That's 7771 00:55:50,280 --> 00:55:50,480 Royal Society. Is that Wren? That's Christopher 7772 00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:52,520 Christopher Wren. 7773 00:55:52,520 --> 00:55:52,720 Christopher Wren. Robert 7774 00:55:52,720 --> 00:55:52,960 Christopher Wren. Robert Boyle, 7775 00:55:52,960 --> 00:55:53,320 Christopher Wren. Robert Boyle, they're 7776 00:55:53,320 --> 00:55:53,560 they're all 7777 00:55:53,560 --> 00:55:55,640 they're all here! 7778 00:55:55,640 --> 00:55:55,960 they're all here! You 7779 00:55:55,960 --> 00:55:56,200 they're all here! You know 7780 00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:56,480 they're all here! You know this 7781 00:55:56,480 --> 00:55:56,800 they're all here! You know this has 7782 00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:57,000 they're all here! You know this has made 7783 00:55:57,000 --> 00:55:57,200 made me 7784 00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:57,400 made me feel 7785 00:55:57,400 --> 00:55:57,800 made me feel a 7786 00:55:57,800 --> 00:55:58,000 made me feel a bit 7787 00:55:58,000 --> 00:55:58,200 made me feel a bit star 7788 00:55:58,200 --> 00:55:58,400 made me feel a bit star struck 7789 00:55:58,400 --> 00:55:58,680 made me feel a bit star struck here 7790 00:55:58,680 --> 00:55:58,920 made me feel a bit star struck here I 7791 00:55:58,920 --> 00:55:59,240 I have 7792 00:55:59,240 --> 00:55:59,440 I have to 7793 00:55:59,440 --> 00:56:11,200 I have to say. 7794 00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:11,440 I have to say. I'm 7795 00:56:11,440 --> 00:56:11,680 I have to say. I'm here 7796 00:56:11,680 --> 00:56:12,000 I have to say. I'm here in 7797 00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:12,320 I have to say. I'm here in the 7798 00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:12,560 I have to say. I'm here in the royal 7799 00:56:12,560 --> 00:56:12,800 royal society, 7800 00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:13,040 royal society, 350 7801 00:56:13,040 --> 00:56:13,240 royal society, 350 years 7802 00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:13,440 royal society, 350 years of 7803 00:56:13,440 --> 00:56:13,840 royal society, 350 years of an 7804 00:56:13,840 --> 00:56:14,040 royal society, 350 years of an endeavour 7805 00:56:14,040 --> 00:56:14,280 endeavour which 7806 00:56:14,280 --> 00:56:14,480 endeavour which is 7807 00:56:14,480 --> 00:56:14,680 endeavour which is build 7808 00:56:14,680 --> 00:56:14,960 endeavour which is build on 7809 00:56:14,960 --> 00:56:15,280 endeavour which is build on a 7810 00:56:15,280 --> 00:56:15,520 endeavour which is build on a respect 7811 00:56:15,520 --> 00:56:15,760 respect for 7812 00:56:15,760 --> 00:56:16,040 respect for observation, 7813 00:56:16,040 --> 00:56:16,280 respect for observation, respect 7814 00:56:16,280 --> 00:56:16,480 respect for observation, respect for 7815 00:56:16,480 --> 00:56:16,680 for data, 7816 00:56:16,680 --> 00:56:17,080 for data, respect 7817 00:56:17,080 --> 00:56:17,280 for data, respect for 7818 00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:17,520 for data, respect for experiment 7819 00:56:17,520 --> 00:56:17,720 for data, respect for experiment trust 7820 00:56:17,720 --> 00:56:17,920 trust no 7821 00:56:17,920 --> 00:56:18,200 trust no one 7822 00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:18,520 trust no one trust 7823 00:56:18,520 --> 00:56:18,760 trust no one trust only 7824 00:56:18,760 --> 00:56:19,000 trust no one trust only what 7825 00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:19,280 trust no one trust only what the 7826 00:56:19,280 --> 00:56:19,520 trust no one trust only what the experiment 7827 00:56:19,520 --> 00:56:19,760 experiment and 7828 00:56:19,760 --> 00:56:20,040 experiment and data 7829 00:56:20,040 --> 00:56:20,320 experiment and data tell 7830 00:56:20,320 --> 00:56:20,560 experiment and data tell you, 7831 00:56:20,560 --> 00:56:20,760 experiment and data tell you, we 7832 00:56:20,760 --> 00:56:20,960 experiment and data tell you, we have 7833 00:56:20,960 --> 00:56:21,160 have to 7834 00:56:21,160 --> 00:56:21,560 have to continue 7835 00:56:21,560 --> 00:56:21,760 have to continue to 7836 00:56:21,760 --> 00:56:21,960 have to continue to use 7837 00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:22,240 have to continue to use that 7838 00:56:22,240 --> 00:56:22,480 have to continue to use that approach 7839 00:56:22,480 --> 00:56:22,720 approach if 7840 00:56:22,720 --> 00:56:23,000 approach if we 7841 00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:23,280 approach if we are 7842 00:56:23,280 --> 00:56:23,520 approach if we are to 7843 00:56:23,520 --> 00:56:23,800 approach if we are to solve 7844 00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:24,000 approach if we are to solve problems 7845 00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:24,200 problems such 7846 00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:24,560 problems such as 7847 00:56:24,560 --> 00:56:24,800 problems such as climate 7848 00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:29,280 problems such as climate change. 7849 00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:31,880 It's 7850 00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:32,080 It's become 7851 00:56:32,080 --> 00:56:32,320 It's become clear 7852 00:56:32,320 --> 00:56:32,560 It's become clear to 7853 00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:32,920 It's become clear to me 7854 00:56:32,920 --> 00:56:33,160 It's become clear to me that 7855 00:56:33,160 --> 00:56:33,360 It's become clear to me that if 7856 00:56:33,360 --> 00:56:33,600 It's become clear to me that if we 7857 00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:33,760 It's become clear to me that if we hold 7858 00:56:33,760 --> 00:56:34,040 hold to 7859 00:56:34,040 --> 00:56:34,320 hold to these 7860 00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:34,560 hold to these ideals 7861 00:56:34,560 --> 00:56:34,840 hold to these ideals of 7862 00:56:34,840 --> 00:56:35,080 hold to these ideals of trust 7863 00:56:35,080 --> 00:56:35,400 hold to these ideals of trust in 7864 00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:35,600 hold to these ideals of trust in evidence 7865 00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:35,800 evidence then 7866 00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:36,160 evidence then we 7867 00:56:36,160 --> 00:56:36,400 evidence then we have 7868 00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:36,600 evidence then we have a 7869 00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:36,800 evidence then we have a responsibility 7870 00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:37,000 responsibility to 7871 00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:37,240 responsibility to publically 7872 00:56:37,240 --> 00:56:37,600 responsibility to publically argue 7873 00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:37,840 responsibility to publically argue our 7874 00:56:37,840 --> 00:56:43,360 our case. 7875 00:56:43,360 --> 00:56:43,640 our case. Because 7876 00:56:43,640 --> 00:56:43,920 our case. Because in 7877 00:56:43,920 --> 00:56:44,240 our case. Because in this 7878 00:56:44,240 --> 00:56:44,440 our case. Because in this conflicted 7879 00:56:44,440 --> 00:56:44,680 conflicted and 7880 00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:44,920 conflicted and volatile 7881 00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:45,160 conflicted and volatile debate 7882 00:56:45,160 --> 00:56:45,560 conflicted and volatile debate scientists 7883 00:56:45,560 --> 00:56:45,720 scientists are 7884 00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:45,960 scientists are not 7885 00:56:45,960 --> 00:56:46,160 scientists are not the 7886 00:56:46,160 --> 00:56:46,360 scientists are not the only 7887 00:56:46,360 --> 00:56:46,640 scientists are not the only voices 7888 00:56:46,640 --> 00:56:46,960 scientists are not the only voices that 7889 00:56:46,960 --> 00:56:47,160 that are 7890 00:56:47,160 --> 00:56:47,400 that are listened 7891 00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:52,640 that are listened to. 7892 00:56:59,720 --> 00:56:59,960 When 7893 00:56:59,960 --> 00:57:00,160 When a 7894 00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:00,360 When a scientific 7895 00:57:00,360 --> 00:57:00,760 When a scientific issue 7896 00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:01,000 When a scientific issue has 7897 00:57:01,000 --> 00:57:01,160 When a scientific issue has important 7898 00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:01,400 important outcomes 7899 00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:01,600 important outcomes for 7900 00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:01,880 important outcomes for society, 7901 00:57:01,880 --> 00:57:02,200 important outcomes for society, then 7902 00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:02,440 then the 7903 00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:02,680 then the politics 7904 00:57:02,680 --> 00:57:02,960 then the politics becomes 7905 00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:03,160 then the politics becomes increasingly 7906 00:57:03,160 --> 00:57:03,400 increasingly more 7907 00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:07,040 increasingly more important. 7908 00:57:07,040 --> 00:57:07,280 increasingly more important. So 7909 00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:07,560 increasingly more important. So if 7910 00:57:07,560 --> 00:57:07,800 increasingly more important. So if we 7911 00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:08,040 we look 7912 00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:08,280 we look at 7913 00:57:08,280 --> 00:57:08,480 we look at this 7914 00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:08,840 we look at this issue 7915 00:57:08,840 --> 00:57:09,120 we look at this issue of 7916 00:57:09,120 --> 00:57:09,320 we look at this issue of climate 7917 00:57:09,320 --> 00:57:09,480 we look at this issue of climate change 7918 00:57:09,480 --> 00:57:09,720 change that 7919 00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:09,960 change that is 7920 00:57:09,960 --> 00:57:10,320 change that is particularly 7921 00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:10,520 change that is particularly significant 7922 00:57:10,520 --> 00:57:10,800 significant because 7923 00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:11,000 significant because that 7924 00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:11,280 significant because that has 7925 00:57:11,280 --> 00:57:11,520 significant because that has affects 7926 00:57:11,520 --> 00:57:11,840 affects on 7927 00:57:11,840 --> 00:57:12,080 affects on how 7928 00:57:12,080 --> 00:57:12,360 affects on how we 7929 00:57:12,360 --> 00:57:12,560 affects on how we manage 7930 00:57:12,560 --> 00:57:12,800 affects on how we manage our 7931 00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:12,960 affects on how we manage our economy 7932 00:57:12,960 --> 00:57:13,360 economy and 7933 00:57:13,360 --> 00:57:13,560 economy and manage 7934 00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:13,760 economy and manage our 7935 00:57:13,760 --> 00:57:16,600 economy and manage our politics. 7936 00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:16,800 economy and manage our politics. And 7937 00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:17,000 And so 7938 00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:17,400 And so this 7939 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:17,640 And so this has 7940 00:57:17,640 --> 00:57:17,840 And so this has become 7941 00:57:17,840 --> 00:57:18,040 And so this has become a 7942 00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:18,280 And so this has become a crucially 7943 00:57:18,280 --> 00:57:18,480 And so this has become a crucially political 7944 00:57:18,480 --> 00:57:18,840 political matter 7945 00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:19,040 political matter and 7946 00:57:19,040 --> 00:57:19,320 political matter and we 7947 00:57:19,320 --> 00:57:19,560 political matter and we can 7948 00:57:19,560 --> 00:57:19,840 political matter and we can see 7949 00:57:19,840 --> 00:57:20,080 political matter and we can see that 7950 00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:20,400 that by 7951 00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:20,640 that by the 7952 00:57:20,640 --> 00:57:20,880 that by the way 7953 00:57:20,880 --> 00:57:21,080 that by the way the 7954 00:57:21,080 --> 00:57:21,280 that by the way the forces 7955 00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:21,520 that by the way the forces are 7956 00:57:21,520 --> 00:57:21,920 that by the way the forces are being 7957 00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:22,120 being lined 7958 00:57:22,120 --> 00:57:22,320 being lined up 7959 00:57:22,320 --> 00:57:22,520 being lined up on 7960 00:57:22,520 --> 00:57:22,800 being lined up on both 7961 00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:23,040 being lined up on both sides. 7962 00:57:23,040 --> 00:57:23,360 being lined up on both sides. What 7963 00:57:23,360 --> 00:57:23,560 being lined up on both sides. What really 7964 00:57:23,560 --> 00:57:23,840 really is 7965 00:57:23,840 --> 00:57:24,080 really is required 7966 00:57:24,080 --> 00:57:24,320 really is required here 7967 00:57:24,320 --> 00:57:24,520 really is required here is 7968 00:57:24,520 --> 00:57:24,760 really is required here is a 7969 00:57:24,760 --> 00:57:25,160 really is required here is a focus 7970 00:57:25,160 --> 00:57:25,360 really is required here is a focus on 7971 00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:25,560 on the 7972 00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:25,800 on the science 7973 00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:26,000 on the science keeping 7974 00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:26,280 on the science keeping the 7975 00:57:26,280 --> 00:57:26,640 on the science keeping the politics 7976 00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:26,840 on the science keeping the politics and 7977 00:57:26,840 --> 00:57:27,120 and keeping 7978 00:57:27,120 --> 00:57:27,360 and keeping the 7979 00:57:27,360 --> 00:57:27,600 and keeping the ideologies 7980 00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:27,800 and keeping the ideologies out 7981 00:57:27,800 --> 00:57:28,160 and keeping the ideologies out of 7982 00:57:28,160 --> 00:57:28,400 and keeping the ideologies out of the 7983 00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:34,600 the way. 7984 00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:34,920 the way. One 7985 00:57:34,920 --> 00:57:35,200 the way. One thing 7986 00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:35,440 the way. One thing you 7987 00:57:35,440 --> 00:57:35,720 the way. One thing you can't 7988 00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:35,920 the way. One thing you can't get 7989 00:57:35,920 --> 00:57:36,120 the way. One thing you can't get away 7990 00:57:36,120 --> 00:57:36,480 away without 7991 00:57:36,480 --> 00:57:36,720 away without seeing 7992 00:57:36,720 --> 00:57:36,920 away without seeing is 7993 00:57:36,920 --> 00:57:37,120 away without seeing is Sir 7994 00:57:37,120 --> 00:57:37,360 away without seeing is Sir Isaac 7995 00:57:37,360 --> 00:57:38,200 away without seeing is Sir Isaac Newton. 7996 00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:38,440 Newton. Is 7997 00:57:38,440 --> 00:57:38,720 Newton. Is this 7998 00:57:38,720 --> 00:57:46,040 Newton. Is this Principia? 7999 00:57:46,040 --> 00:57:46,080 Newton. Is this Principia? This 8000 00:57:46,080 --> 00:57:46,600 Newton. Is this Principia? This is 8001 00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:46,800 Newton. Is this Principia? This is his 8002 00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:47,680 his great 8003 00:57:47,680 --> 00:57:48,280 his great work 8004 00:57:48,280 --> 00:57:48,320 his great work of 8005 00:57:48,320 --> 00:57:48,520 his great work of the 8006 00:57:48,520 --> 00:57:48,800 his great work of the laws 8007 00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:49,040 his great work of the laws of 8008 00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:49,720 his great work of the laws of motion. 8009 00:57:49,720 --> 00:57:49,920 motion. This 8010 00:57:49,920 --> 00:57:50,320 motion. This is 8011 00:57:50,320 --> 00:57:50,520 motion. This is the 8012 00:57:50,520 --> 00:57:50,760 motion. This is the book 8013 00:57:50,760 --> 00:57:51,000 motion. This is the book that 8014 00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:51,240 motion. This is the book that laid 8015 00:57:51,240 --> 00:57:51,560 motion. This is the book that laid foundation 8016 00:57:51,560 --> 00:57:51,840 foundation for 8017 00:57:51,840 --> 00:57:54,440 foundation for gravity. 8018 00:57:54,440 --> 00:57:54,600 foundation for gravity. That's 8019 00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:55,400 foundation for gravity. That's right. 8020 00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:55,640 right. This 8021 00:57:55,640 --> 00:57:56,040 right. This was 8022 00:57:56,040 --> 00:57:56,240 right. This was a 8023 00:57:56,240 --> 00:57:56,440 right. This was a standard 8024 00:57:56,440 --> 00:57:56,640 right. This was a standard text 8025 00:57:56,640 --> 00:57:56,920 right. This was a standard text for 8026 00:57:56,920 --> 00:57:57,160 right. This was a standard text for scientists 8027 00:57:57,160 --> 00:57:57,440 scientists for 8028 00:57:57,440 --> 00:57:57,720 scientists for about 8029 00:57:57,720 --> 00:57:57,960 scientists for about 200 8030 00:57:57,960 --> 00:57:58,160 scientists for about 200 years, 8031 00:57:58,160 --> 00:57:58,440 scientists for about 200 years, it 8032 00:57:58,440 --> 00:57:58,640 scientists for about 200 years, it was 8033 00:57:58,640 --> 00:57:59,040 was really 8034 00:57:59,040 --> 00:57:59,280 was really not 8035 00:57:59,280 --> 00:57:59,480 was really not until 8036 00:57:59,480 --> 00:57:59,680 was really not until Einstein 8037 00:57:59,680 --> 00:57:59,880 was really not until Einstein came 8038 00:57:59,880 --> 00:58:00,120 was really not until Einstein came along 8039 00:58:00,120 --> 00:58:00,480 along that 8040 00:58:00,480 --> 00:58:00,680 along that it 8041 00:58:00,680 --> 00:58:00,920 along that it people 8042 00:58:00,920 --> 00:58:01,160 along that it people began 8043 00:58:01,160 --> 00:58:01,440 along that it people began to 8044 00:58:01,440 --> 00:58:01,680 along that it people began to seriously 8045 00:58:01,680 --> 00:58:02,000 seriously revalue 8046 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:02,200 seriously revalue the 8047 00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:02,520 seriously revalue the way 8048 00:58:02,520 --> 00:58:02,720 seriously revalue the way the 8049 00:58:02,720 --> 00:58:02,920 seriously revalue the way the universe 8050 00:58:02,920 --> 00:58:04,760 universe worked. 8051 00:58:04,760 --> 00:58:04,960 universe worked. I 8052 00:58:04,960 --> 00:58:05,160 universe worked. I need 8053 00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:05,400 universe worked. I need to 8054 00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:05,760 universe worked. I need to touch 8055 00:58:05,760 --> 00:58:08,200 universe worked. I need to touch it! 8056 00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:08,400 it! Yes, 8057 00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:11,400 it! Yes, do. 8058 00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:11,680 it! Yes, do. Maybe 8059 00:58:11,680 --> 00:58:11,960 it! Yes, do. Maybe just 8060 00:58:11,960 --> 00:58:12,240 it! Yes, do. Maybe just finally 8061 00:58:12,240 --> 00:58:16,360 it! Yes, do. Maybe just finally here. 8062 00:58:16,360 --> 00:58:16,600 here. This 8063 00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:16,880 here. This is 8064 00:58:16,880 --> 00:58:17,160 here. This is the 8065 00:58:17,160 --> 00:58:17,440 here. This is the great 8066 00:58:17,440 --> 00:58:17,720 here. This is the great book 8067 00:58:17,720 --> 00:58:17,960 here. This is the great book of 8068 00:58:17,960 --> 00:58:18,160 here. This is the great book of course, 8069 00:58:18,160 --> 00:58:18,360 course, the 8070 00:58:18,360 --> 00:58:18,760 course, the origin 8071 00:58:18,760 --> 00:58:18,960 course, the origin of 8072 00:58:18,960 --> 00:58:21,400 course, the origin of species. 8073 00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:21,680 course, the origin of species. This 8074 00:58:21,680 --> 00:58:22,560 course, the origin of species. This was 8075 00:58:22,560 --> 00:58:22,640 was presented 8076 00:58:22,640 --> 00:58:22,840 was presented to 8077 00:58:22,840 --> 00:58:23,080 was presented to the 8078 00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:26,200 was presented to the society. 8079 00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:26,480 was presented to the society. Look 8080 00:58:26,480 --> 00:58:26,720 was presented to the society. Look at 8081 00:58:26,720 --> 00:58:27,320 at it. 8082 00:58:27,320 --> 00:58:27,520 at it. From 8083 00:58:27,520 --> 00:58:27,600 at it. From the 8084 00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:30,760 at it. From the awful. 8085 00:58:30,760 --> 00:58:30,960 at it. From the awful. Rather 8086 00:58:30,960 --> 00:58:31,160 at it. From the awful. Rather overwhelmed 8087 00:58:31,160 --> 00:58:31,360 overwhelmed by 8088 00:58:31,360 --> 00:58:31,760 overwhelmed by the 8089 00:58:31,760 --> 00:58:33,680 overwhelmed by the librarian. 8090 00:58:33,680 --> 00:58:33,920 overwhelmed by the librarian. The 8091 00:58:33,920 --> 00:58:34,200 overwhelmed by the librarian. The nasty 8092 00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:34,400 nasty 1980s 8093 00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:37,480 nasty 1980s biro! 8094 00:58:37,480 --> 00:58:37,680 nasty 1980s biro! Earning 8095 00:58:37,680 --> 00:58:37,960 Earning trust 8096 00:58:37,960 --> 00:58:38,160 Earning trust requires 8097 00:58:38,160 --> 00:58:38,440 Earning trust requires more 8098 00:58:38,440 --> 00:58:38,720 Earning trust requires more than 8099 00:58:38,720 --> 00:58:39,000 Earning trust requires more than just 8100 00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:39,200 just focusing 8101 00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:39,480 just focusing on 8102 00:58:39,480 --> 00:58:39,680 just focusing on the 8103 00:58:39,680 --> 00:58:39,880 just focusing on the science, 8104 00:58:39,880 --> 00:58:40,320 just focusing on the science, we 8105 00:58:40,320 --> 00:58:40,520 just focusing on the science, we have 8106 00:58:40,520 --> 00:58:40,720 have to 8107 00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:40,920 have to communicate 8108 00:58:40,920 --> 00:58:41,120 have to communicate it 8109 00:58:41,120 --> 00:58:41,400 have to communicate it effectively 8110 00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:41,720 have to communicate it effectively too. 8111 00:58:41,720 --> 00:58:41,960 too. Scientists 8112 00:58:41,960 --> 00:58:42,200 too. Scientists have 8113 00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:42,520 too. Scientists have got 8114 00:58:42,520 --> 00:58:42,720 too. Scientists have got to 8115 00:58:42,720 --> 00:58:42,960 too. Scientists have got to get 8116 00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:43,320 too. Scientists have got to get out 8117 00:58:43,320 --> 00:58:43,520 too. Scientists have got to get out there. 8118 00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:43,760 there. They 8119 00:58:43,760 --> 00:58:43,960 there. They have 8120 00:58:43,960 --> 00:58:44,160 there. They have to 8121 00:58:44,160 --> 00:58:44,360 there. They have to be 8122 00:58:44,360 --> 00:58:44,760 there. They have to be open 8123 00:58:44,760 --> 00:58:44,960 there. They have to be open about 8124 00:58:44,960 --> 00:58:45,160 there. They have to be open about everything 8125 00:58:45,160 --> 00:58:45,440 everything that 8126 00:58:45,440 --> 00:58:45,680 everything that they 8127 00:58:45,680 --> 00:58:47,760 everything that they do. 8128 00:58:47,760 --> 00:58:48,080 everything that they do. They 8129 00:58:48,080 --> 00:58:48,320 everything that they do. They do 8130 00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:48,560 everything that they do. They do have 8131 00:58:48,560 --> 00:58:48,800 have to 8132 00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:49,040 have to talk 8133 00:58:49,040 --> 00:58:49,400 have to talk to 8134 00:58:49,400 --> 00:58:49,600 have to talk to the 8135 00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:49,840 have to talk to the media 8136 00:58:49,840 --> 00:58:50,040 have to talk to the media even 8137 00:58:50,040 --> 00:58:50,240 have to talk to the media even if 8138 00:58:50,240 --> 00:58:50,440 have to talk to the media even if it 8139 00:58:50,440 --> 00:58:50,880 it does 8140 00:58:50,880 --> 00:58:51,080 it does sometimes 8141 00:58:51,080 --> 00:58:51,280 it does sometimes put 8142 00:58:51,280 --> 00:58:51,560 it does sometimes put their 8143 00:58:51,560 --> 00:58:51,800 it does sometimes put their reputation 8144 00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:52,040 reputation at 8145 00:58:52,040 --> 00:58:52,280 reputation at doubt 8146 00:58:52,280 --> 00:58:52,600 reputation at doubt because 8147 00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:52,840 reputation at doubt because if 8148 00:58:52,840 --> 00:58:53,120 reputation at doubt because if we 8149 00:58:53,120 --> 00:58:53,320 reputation at doubt because if we do 8150 00:58:53,320 --> 00:58:53,520 do not 8151 00:58:53,520 --> 00:58:53,720 do not do 8152 00:58:53,720 --> 00:58:54,120 do not do that 8153 00:58:54,120 --> 00:58:54,320 do not do that it 8154 00:58:54,320 --> 00:58:54,520 do not do that it will 8155 00:58:54,520 --> 00:58:54,760 do not do that it will be 8156 00:58:54,760 --> 00:58:55,000 do not do that it will be filled 8157 00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:55,280 do not do that it will be filled by 8158 00:58:55,280 --> 00:58:55,600 do not do that it will be filled by others 8159 00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:55,840 others who 8160 00:58:55,840 --> 00:58:56,080 others who don't 8161 00:58:56,080 --> 00:58:56,320 others who don't understand 8162 00:58:56,320 --> 00:58:56,600 others who don't understand the 8163 00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:56,760 others who don't understand the science 8164 00:58:56,760 --> 00:58:57,120 science and 8165 00:58:57,120 --> 00:58:57,360 science and who 8166 00:58:57,360 --> 00:58:57,560 science and who may 8167 00:58:57,560 --> 00:58:57,800 science and who may be 8168 00:58:57,800 --> 00:58:58,000 science and who may be driven 8169 00:58:58,000 --> 00:58:58,240 science and who may be driven by 8170 00:58:58,240 --> 00:58:58,480 science and who may be driven by politics 8171 00:58:58,480 --> 00:58:58,840 politics or 8172 00:58:58,840 --> 00:58:59,080 politics or ideology 8173 00:58:59,080 --> 00:58:59,360 politics or ideology - 8174 00:58:59,360 --> 00:58:59,560 politics or ideology - this 8175 00:58:59,560 --> 00:58:59,800 politics or ideology - this is 8176 00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:00,040 politics or ideology - this is far 8177 00:59:00,040 --> 00:59:00,200 politics or ideology - this is far too 8178 00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:00,600 too important 8179 00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:00,800 too important to 8180 00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:01,000 too important to leave 8181 00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:01,280 too important to leave to 8182 00:59:01,280 --> 00:59:01,480 too important to leave to commentators 8183 00:59:01,480 --> 00:59:01,760 commentators in 8184 00:59:01,760 --> 00:59:02,040 commentators in the 8185 00:59:02,040 --> 00:59:02,320 commentators in the media, 8186 00:59:02,320 --> 00:59:02,560 commentators in the media, scientists 8187 00:59:02,560 --> 00:59:02,800 scientists have 8188 00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:03,040 scientists have to 8189 00:59:03,040 --> 00:59:03,240 scientists have to be 8190 00:59:03,240 --> 00:59:03,600 scientists have to be there 8191 00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:07,120 scientists have to be there too.